Birch (Betula L.) in Kazakhstan: distribution and diversity

The purpose of the research is to analyze the current distribution of birch areas and reserves in Kazakhstan by region, characterize the diversity of indigenous species, and develop proposals for increasing the area of birch plantations. The article discusses the distribution of birch forests in Kazakhstan and their importance for the country’s forest resources. As of 2023, birch stands cover 1,030.9 thousand hectares, accounting for 7.5% of the total forest fund, with a standing timber volume of 89.3 thousand m³. A comparative analysis indicates a 285.5 – thousand hectare increase in birch forest area over a period exceeding 70 years. This study uses the Republican State Enterprise «Zhasyl Aimak» as a case study. Located in the feather grass-fescue steppe of Northern Kazakhstan, this site demonstrates that establishing forest cultures is one of the most effective methods for expanding birch areas. Specifically, between 2008 and 2021, the area of birch stands within this enterprise increased from 656.0 to 6,147.2 hectares, representing a growth of 837%. Consequently, the share of birch forests reached 16.5% of the total area occupied by major forest-forming species. The average site class for birch stands was found to be I.6, compared to II.4 for other major species. Birch stands exhibit high resilience and productivity, with an average growing stock of 267 m³/ha at the age of 46 years. The study analyzes regional disparities in birch distribution, noting the highest concentration in the northern parts of the country. An overview of birch species native to Kazakhstan is provided, highlighting their specific diversity across different regions. The prospects of introducing new birch species to enhance biodiversity, improve ecosystem functions, and mitigate anthropogenic pressure are discussed. The article underscores the importance of birch forests as a valuable resource for the timber industry and ecology, as well as their critical role in meeting the population’s recreational needs.

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