The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of irrigation reclamation, measures aimed at reducing the dose of external and internal radiation to people in radioactively contaminated areas. of abundant and clean sources of irrigation from radioactive contamination. Their use for the purification of soils contaminated with cesium‑137, taking into account the danger of spotty nature of contamination of territories. The need for more thorough research and analysis in the use of water resources for washing soils from radioactive contamination has been established. The specific water consumption during soil washing from cesium contamination is analyzed. Soil samples taken in Novozybkovsky, Gordeevsky, Zlynkovsky and other districts of the Bryansk region, which were exposed to the greatest radioactive contamination, were studied. A general analysis of the availability of water resources in the Bryansk region is given. It was revealed that the Novozybkovsky district is highly polluted, densely populated and has fewer water resources than in other districts. There is an urgent need to save water and, as a consequence, the use of chemical meliorants, which reduce the content of Cs‑137 in the crop by 5‑7 times and improve the filtration properties of soils. Washing of radioactively contaminated soils should be practiced on small areas in private subsidiary farms, using meltwater to wash soils from cesium contamination. It was found that during the formation of snow cover, a powerful layer of snow accumulates in the catchment area of a closed depression, which, when melting, creates abundant washing norms, above the area of black spots, at the bottom of depressions, the formation of such a washing regime does not require large expenditures.

The purpose of the research is to find, predict and regulate the temperature and humidity regime of the soil for the conditions of radiant heating of cultivation facilities using dark-type ceiling infrared emitters. A system of differential equations (in dimensional and dimensionless forms) is presented, reflecting the relationship of thermal and mass transfer processes in colloidal capillary-porous bodies in the case of surface radiant heating. A partial analytical solution of this system of differential equations for a semi-bounded body is considered with the exclusion of the phenomenon of thermal and thermal conductivity and period diffusion processes. On the example of milling peat, taking into account the initial data, the solution of the boundary value problem of heat and mass transfer by the method of sources is obtained, which is one-dimensional non-stationary fields of moisture content and temperature. It is established that under the given initial and boundary conditions, as well as taking into account the thermophysical properties of milling peat, the required moisture content will be achieved in six hours, the temperature in three hours. By adjusting the thermal power of the infrared radiation source, and, therefore, the intensity of moisture evaporation from the soil surface into the environment, it is possible to control the rate of heating and drying of the layer (for example, to determine the time or frequency of watering the soil). To clarify the values of moisture content and soil temperature by coordinate and over time, it seems expedient to consider analytical solutions that took into account not only basic, but also conjugate processes of heat and mass diffusion.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the parameters of changes in the agro-climatic conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem region and to assess the possibility of introducing soybeans into new cultivation regions. The introduction of soybean crops into new cultivation regions is an urgent task to solve the problem of providing the processing industry with relatively cheap and high-grade protein. The trends of changes in climatic conditions in the regions of the Central Non-Chernozem region for the period from 1981‑2020 are analyzed. The expansion of soybean sowing areas in the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone is hindered by stressful conditions that form during the period of filling and ripening of seeds, first of all – limited thermal resources. As a result of the analysis of agro-climatic data, the trend of local climate warming in all regions included in the Central Region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia has been revealed. The values of the sum of active temperatures in different agro-climatic subzones increased by 200‑250°C, the amount of precipitation falling during the growing season decreased by 20‑40 mm, the hydrothermal coefficient of G.T. Selyaninov (GTC) decreased by 0.3‑0.4 points. The changes led to a shift of the isotherm of the sum of active temperatures by 150‑200 km towards high latitudes. In 1981, the isotherm passed through the northern part of the Bryansk and Orel regions, included a small fragment of the Kaluga region and the Ryazan region, but at the moment it is located on the northern border of the Moscow region, affecting the territory of the Tver and Vladimir regions, as well as the southern part of the Kostroma region.

The purpose of the research is to identify and evaluate the role of a low-growing shrub in the flow-regulating forest belt of a combined design in the formation of the levels of natural factors of the surface runoff of meltwater and their influence on the elements of the water balance in the forest-steppe on the basis of knowledge of the patterns of interaction of meltwater with frozen soil. The studies were carried out on gray forest soils of the Orel region using the balance method on runoff sites. The main natural factors that need to be affected in order to regulate the slope of spring runoff are snow reserves, freezing depth and soil moisture. The high efficiency of flow-regulating forest belts of a combined (openwork-tightly-blown) design and the role of placing low-growing shrubs in them have been established. The most effective was its placement in the lower and upper rows of 4-row forest belts. They contribute to optimal snow deposition in the field and accumulation of the necessary amount of snow in the forest belts to prevent deep freezing and additional accumulation of moisture for their functioning. An important conclusion is made that when creating new anti-erosion and measures, it is necessary to apply techniques that affect the natural factors of the formation of runoff: snow reserves, freezing depth and soil moisture.

The purpose of the work is to study ownerless previously reclaimed lands that have fallen out of agricultural use on the example of the Irkutsk district of the Irkutsk region. The study was conducted in 2022 as part of a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation on the topic “Research of ownerless reclaimed lands in the Irkutsk region”. The conducted research revealed the presence of unused agricultural land related to haymaking in the Irkutsk region for a long time. A hydro-reclamation drainage system with a destroyed open regulating and conducting network of channels is located for a long time in the surveyed territory. The lands of the surveyed land are waterlogged due to the high level of groundwater standing, their periodic flooding by spring and summer floods and stagnation of surface waters. In general, the land has good soil characteristics. However, degradation processes are observed, such as waterlogging, overgrowing, overgrowing with woody and shrubby vegetation. It is recommended to involve agricultural land in agricultural turnover through the implementation of federal and regional state support programs for the development of land reclamation in Russia through the implementation of a set of restoration and land reclamation measures and its subsequent radical improvement. A list of cultural and technical measures, technological methods of tillage, sowing of legume-cereal grasses and care of crops is given.

The development of potato plants when cultivating two crops occurs in a short period. In this case, field conditions change and do not repeat over time. Crop formation when cultivating two crops in the Central Non-Black Earth Region finds itself in different growing conditions: the first harvest falls on long days and moderate temperatures, as well as sometimes returning frosts, the second harvest falls on short days and high temperatures, as well as lack of moisture. The purpose of our research was to substantiate the choice of varieties for cultivating two crops. The research was carried out at the Research and Production Center Vegetable Experimental Station of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education RSAU-MAA named after C.A. Timiryazev, Moscow and at the Central Experimental Station of the All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry Barybino, Moscow Region, 2017‑2022. The experiment was carried out using the method of random placement of plots. Planting density – 47.6 thousand plants per 1 hectare. Sprouted tubers were used for planting during the first planting of the large fraction; during the second planting, the middle fraction was germinated with the addition of dry hydrogel. The second planting was carried out in the vacant space after the first planting had been cleared. The cultivation technology is standard. Cleaning took place at the beginning of July and at the end of September. As a result of the study ni different climatic conditions, it was revealed that planting of 1 crop should be carried out with ultra-early ripening varieties (Riviera) and for 2 crops with mid-early and mid-ripening varieties (Udacha).

The purpose of the research is to determine the moisture limits of grey-earth soils during drip irrigation of cotton. The research was carried out at the experimental site in 2022. The research methodology was developed by the professorial and teaching staff of the Department of Agricultural Mechanics of the National Research University “TIIIMSKh”. Scientific research was carried out on experimental plots and in the laboratory. The results of scientific research were used to solve the problem. Using the data obtained and the formula of V.V. Shabanov, a graph was constructed of the pattern of changes in the relative yield (Y_i/Y_max) of cotton depending on the relative humidity of grey-earth soil (in a 0.5 m layer) under drip irrigation. (g_i) is determined to be 3.495. In V.V. Shabanov’s expression for irrigated grey-earth soils in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan, the value of the coefficient that takes into account the response of plants to the deviation of the grey-earth soil moisture from the optimal is 3.495 m. It has been established that the moisture content of grey-earth soils in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan should be maintained within the most favorable limits based on the needs of cotton during the period of its growth and development. According to the research conducted, the best moisture range for grey-earth soil soils was (0.63‑0.79) from the total moisture capacity (MC) for cotton. The ratio coefficient of this dependence is 0.979 ± 0.089, which indicates a close relationship between the studied values. With the most favorable moisture content of the grey-earth soil (0.63‑0.79 MC) and the level of groundwater 1.80 m from the surface of the earth and deeper, an infiltration regime is observed.

The purpose of the work is to carry out surveys to determine the actual state of thermal power plants located in areas with high seismic activity on the basis of comprehensive instrumental surveys and computational studies. The authors present an approach to the assessment of long-term operated thermal power plants in the zone of increased seismic activity. Over the period of long-term operation, the building structures have undergone changes in comparison with the design prerequisites, while the current regulatory documents contain instructions for the use of an increase in the calculated seismicity by 1‑2 points relative to the design data of the 60‑70 years. The article provides recommendations for drawing up a program for visual inspection of metal and reinforced concrete structures, as well as comprehensive instrumental surveys Thus, the thermal power plants built 45‑60 years ago and currently in operation are experiencing a lack of reliability during high-intensity seismic events. The article provides recommendations for drawing up a program of visual inspection of metal and reinforced concrete structures, as well as comprehensive instrumental surveys. Recommendations for drawing up a program for visual inspection of metal and reinforced concrete structures, as well as comprehensive instrumental surveys are presented. Proposals are given for the development of finite element models of structures for assessing seismic resistance to the effects of a design and control earthquake.

On the water objects of the agro-industrial complex, low-pointed tubular culverts are widely used, the outlet head of which is made in the form of an expanding socket with checker-type energy absorbers. Only in the Moscow region such structures, built mainly in the 60‑70s of the last century, account for 76% of the total number of water system structures. The condition of 70% to 85% of them, depending on the region, is unsatisfactory: extinguishers, dam lining and apron are destroyed; excessive erosion and overgrowth of the discharge channel are observed. The results of hydrodynamic studies of the averaged and pulsating pressure on the downstream attachment elements and at the beginning of the discharge channel are presented. Based on the analysis of the nature of the flow pressure distribution for calculating quasi-static loading, predicting the total load on the fastening elements and choosing their optimal parameters, the influence of the flooding value of the hydraulic jump and the energy parameter on the pulsating component of the flow pressure and its frequency characteristics in relation to low-pressure reclamation and fishery tubular spillways, as well as road culverts.

The method of calculation of wire anchors with a conical tip is given. The calculation is based on the condition of static balance of forces: active and reactive. The theoretical foundations of calculating the bearing capacity of wire anchors with a conical tip are given. The variants of practical in the construction of trellis systems and other industries are described. Various options for installing wire anchors are given. The method of installation using vibratory hammers and impact hammers, which can be used when installing wire anchors on chips, is described in detail. When installing wire anchors with a conical tip, it is stretched into a guide rod, which is embedded in the ground with the help of vibratory hammers, by the operator. After installing the wire anchor to the required depth, the guide rod is removed. When installing a wire anchor with a hammer, the operator, lifting it, hits the lower impact device rigidly fixed to the guide rod. Other lever devices for installing wire anchors are described. All innovative developments are patented in the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the research is to determine the microclimatic heterogeneity of precipitation in a single field during the active vegetation of agricultural plants on the territory of the Field experimental station of the Russian State Agricultural Academy named after C.A. Timiryazev. An assessment of the qualitative influence of local conditions forming the microclimate on the distribution of precipitation within a single field is given. Studies have established uneven moistening of agricultural landscapes by atmospheric precipitation during active vegetation in conditions of limited land use. The greatest influence of the studied microclimate factors was exerted by urban development, the presence of forest belts and the features of the underlying surface. At the same time, an important role in the processes of accumulation of productive moisture belongs to the water-physical properties of the soil, in particular its ability to absorb and retain moisture. To solve the problems of precision farming and create a digital model of a single field, taking into account the microclimatic features of the distribution of light, heat and moisture resources in agrophytocenoses is extremely important in terms of ensuring a safe production process and increasing crop yields. Background standard values of stationary meteorological site data do not fully reflect the dynamics of variability of meteorological elements in individual agricultural fields under the influence of local conditions. Therefore, the study and competent application of knowledge about the microclimatic features of agricultural landscapes in general and of a particular field in particular, is of great practical importance in the production of agricultural products. Scientifically-based placement of crops, site selection, clarification of terms and methods of sowing, terms and methods of tillage are only part of the important role of microclimate accounting. In addition, field crops determine their phytoclimatic differences, the peculiarity of which is the variability of microclimatic parameters during the growing season. This should also be taken into account when assessing the processes of plant growth and development, as well as planning various agrotechnical measures.

The purpose of the conducted studies is experimental determination of hydraulic resistances of asymmetrical equal-pass tees with α=90° angle in the metal-polymer pipeline, identification of dependencies of local resistance coefficients ζ on the ratio of flow rates of direct passage Q₂ and flow rates of assembly hose Q₃, their comparison with existing reference data and theoretical dependencies. The article presents the results of experiments and analysis to determine hydraulic resistances in the metal polymer pipeline, provides the method of theoretical determination of resistance coefficients in the metal polymer pipeline VALTEC ISO and the method of determining the values of local hydraulic resistances of an asymmetric equal-pass (supply) T-joint with an angle of α=90•°. The obtained empirical dependencies of the values of the local resistance coefficients of the ζ=f(Q₂/Q₃) in the asymmetric equal-pass tee with an angle of α=90° in the metal-polymer pipeline from the ratio of the separated flows Q₂/Q₃ to the branch upwards, to the passage in the straight tee and the division of flows at different internal diameters of the VALTEC ISO pipeline for the range of Reynolds numbers Re =1⋅10⁴ ÷ 3,2 ⋅10⁴ are presented. The obtained empirical relationships were compared with reference data on formulas and experimental data for standard tees with angle α = 90° and tees made of ductile iron on thread α = 90° when dividing liquid flows.

The creation of specialized information resources, at the current level of application of the capabilities of the organization and data accounting, is a promising direction in improving the methods of integrated monitoring of mud flows events. In this work, the created software shell of the electronic information resource “Mudflow Phenomena Database” (DB) is presented, which covers the issues of organizing the accounting of data on mudflow phenomena based on the materials of complex and operational (space, ground route, etc.) monitoring of mudflow basins, as well as archival data on each of them. Based on the results of the analytical study of the information presented in the database, it is possible to conduct a reliable assessment of the current spatial and temporal changes in the monitoring objects of mudflow basins. Such an information basis is necessary in solving the problems of ensuring the safety of mountain settlements and economic facilities from the negative impact of mudflows. The second part of the article presents the ways to implement search queries, output data, export them with a change of format, as well as general conclusions.

The issue of the research – investigation of the hydrodynamics of river sediments’ artificial structures in the interfluve of the Lo and the Kau rivers (The Northern Vietnam) as a tool for the formation of hydrodynamic and geochemical anomalies in water bodies. Laboratory studies of the speeds of movement and sedimentation of suspended sediments were carried out according to the planning of the experiment for a series of using natural and artificial crossbars in modeling the processes of transport and sedimentation of sediments. Based on a laboratory model experiment, the parameters of crossbars at different flow rates are considered for conditions of uniform movement of water in the tray and condition of sedimentation. Graphs of the dependences of the velocities of movement and sediment deposition are drawn, and the parameters of vortex flows in the zone before and after the crossbars are considered. Based on the results of laboratory modeling, graphs of the dependence of the characteristics of the transit and deposition of sediment, taking into account the influence of crossbars, are drawn. The obtained results of laboratory modeling provide data for planning further laboratory and field experiments on the transit of sediment with fertile silt, the accumulation of sediment in the riverbed and the influence of natural and artificial crossbars on sediment deposition, as well as for the formation of mobile sediment-retaining dams. The experiment was planned according to the Shenk X method. The results of the experiment were processed in MathCad and Solidworks.

The main goal of the research is to clarify the parameters of extreme summer precipitation for the design and operation of hydraulic structures in small catchments. Having data on 12 meteorological stations of the Central Black Earth Zone of Russia, observations of phase-homogeneous values that were of genetically homogeneous origin were selected to assess the degree of variability of extreme precipitation. Statistical methods were used both in the presence and insufficiency of observational data. In the conditions of changing climatic factors and the lack of sufficiently accurate methods for determining the asymmetry coefficient, approaches to its determination using the method of year-points for the territory of the Central Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation were proposed. Existing regulations, in which extreme precipitation is the basis for determining maximum discharges, lose their initial reliability and have shortcomings in the methods for determining hydrometeorological characteristics. Accordingly, the need to update the existing regulatory documents in connection with the trend of increasing the values of summer extreme precipitation relative to the region under consideration is substantiated.

The article is devoted to the study of the state of balsamic poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) in the conditions of industrial centers of Siberia on the example of the city of Bratsk. Bratsk is characterized by harsh natural and climatic conditions, high levels of pollution by gaseous and solid emissions, and is included in the Federal Clean Air Project. (Populus balsamifera L.) introduced poplar (native to North America) has adapted so well to the conditions of Eastern Siberia that it can be classified as an invasive species with a high probability, since vegetative reproduction has allowed it to become the dominant species of the city’s green spaces. Comprehensive studies of the condition of balsamic poplar in the urban environment have been carried out. A total of 2.586 trees were examined, of which 623 trees were modern, for which instrumental research methods were used. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that the life expectancy of poplars in a polluted urban environment, especially along highways, is no more than 20‑30 years. By the age of 30‑40, poplars are already in critical condition, shrink or even belong to the old deadwood (4‑5 points of vital condition). Poplar trees are vulnerable to sound rot and other diseases of wood and leaves. According to instrumental observation, more than 50% of all poplars in Bratsk are affected by various diseases and rot. Based on the studies conducted, it can be recommended to use balsamic poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) as a breed that should be replaced in a timely manner at the age of 40‑50 years, with others more durable and resistant to rot and diseases.

Patrolling recreation areas and extinguishing un-extinguished fires is one of the effective methods of preventing forest fires. Portable knapsack forest fire extinguishers are the most common due to their simplicity and ease of use by technical means of extinguishing forest fires. Their common disadvantages are low efficiency and high consumption of extinguishing agents. The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of extinguishing wildfires with the help of knapsack forest fire extinguishers based on the development of constructive and technical solutions and technological techniques that ensure economical use of fire extinguishing agents. The article presents studies of the characteristics of sprayed water and steam-water mixture affecting the extinguishing efficiency. The optimal ratio of the design parameters of the developed knapsack forest fire extinguishers is given. The concentration of water vapor in the air of more than 35% is sufficient to stop the process. Experimental studies confirm that sprayed water and steam-water mixtures are effective as independent extinguishing agents, and as a means of creating support strips. When creating support strips, the thickness of the condensate film should be at least 0.1 mm. The effective speed of a patroller with a steam generator should be 1.5‑2.5 km/h.

The interest in studying the possibilities of introduction of Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss. into the territory of the center of the European part of the Russian Federation is explained by a wide range of ecological characteristics of this species, as well as by the prospects of its use in various spheres of the country’s economy. The article deals with the results of a unique experiment to study the growth peculiarities of the grey-blue spruce trees, which were grown from seeds that had been in Earth orbit during the Soviet-American space flight of the Soyuz‑19 and Apollo spacecrafts in July 1975. The seeds were sown in May 1976 and in 1983 the seedlings were planted in the exposition of Arboretum. During the following years, these plants were continuously monitored – tree decline and their condition were recorded. At the age of 40 years, measurements of diameters and heights were made. It was noted that trees grown from “space” seeds had significantly higher growth rates in height and diameter by the age of 40 than the control, with spruce from seeds that had been to space exceeding the control in diameter by 1 cm and in height by 3 m. However, trees grown from “space” seeds had a predominance of weak condition plants, with 17% more plants than the control, and a 38% higher dieback than the control. This can be interpreted as a distant consequence of the effects of stresses produced by experimental seeds in space.

The purpose of the research was to develop a model for the digitalization of the biological productivity standards for forest stands based on conversion coefficients (c_av) averaged by age groups. At the present stage of forestry, one of the priority areas of research is the assessment of the biological productivity of forest stands by individual fractions of phytomass (biomass of trunks, branches, bark, needles (foliage), roots), the determination of their bioenergy potential, the accumulation of carbon by forest elements in all the diversity of species, age and spatial structure of plantations. Studies of the climate-regulating function of forests, and first of all, the assessment of their absorption of carbon dioxide and carbon sequestration, are recognized as relevant. To solve this problem on a large scale, it is recommended to use conversion coefficients of wood stock into phytomass, taking into account the latitudinal strip of the terrain and age groups of stands. As a result, using the example of pine forests of the Central Federal District, a multidimensional model of changes in phytomass fractions in 17 constituent entities of the Russian Federation depending on the completeness, share of pine in the composition, average height and age group of stands was obtained. The resulting model is functional, characterized by a coefficient of determination R² = 1.0 and a standard error ES = ± 0.2%, and only a tool for digitalization of biomass standards for individual fractions of phytomass. However, the use of the standard model a priori cannot exceed the accuracy of determining the average values of conversion coefficients obtained in the context of age groups.

The work is devoted to the analysis of the normative and methodological foundations and practices of the use of forests for agriculture in the forest fund of the North-West of the Russian Federation. Constructive interaction between forestry, agriculture and hunting economy is one of the conditions for the successful development of the economy of the Russian Federation, including ensuring its food security. The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of using forests for agriculture as a necessary condition for constructive interaction of the above-mentioned industries. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set and solved: to analyze the regulatory and methodological foundations and practice of using forests for agriculture in the forest fund of the North-West of the Russian Federation and to justify the need for wider application in forestry practice of using forests for agriculture, including from the point of view of forest biogeocenology, since it covers knowledge all the properties of the forest components that determine their interaction, and also establishes patterns, managing this interaction and the development of the forest biogeocenosis as a whole. In the NWFD, forests are used for agriculture on an area of 5.4 million hectares, which is almost a third (31.8%) of the total area of forests used for agriculture in the Russian Federation. Therefore, this type of forest use is very important for the forest fund of the North-West of the Russian Federation.