The purpose of this work was to perform information modeling (creation of a “digital twin”) of a section of the water reclamation system located in the floodplain of the Oka River on the territory of the Kolomna City District of the Moscow Region, in the environment of the Google Earth and QGIS geo-information system, and assess its technical and environmental condition. Established groups of technical and environmental conditions allow to formulate a hypothesis about the vector of changes in the life cycle stage of the water reclamation system for the worse. It is noted that the accuracy of such an assessment according to GOST R70611‑2022 depends primarily on how much the initial information reveals the indicators of technical and environmental condition, as well as the presence of retrospective information about the object. As a result of information modeling of the reclamation facility, a group of its technical and environmental conditions was established. At the same time, the assessment by remote methods cannot be final, and the formulated hypothesis about the vector of change in the life cycle stage of the water reclamation system serves as a marker for making the necessary decisions regarding the need for its detailed field examination.

Assessment of the suitability of water resources for irrigation purposes using various approaches. The closure of the North Crimean Canal system has led to an increase in water scarcity in the Republic of Crimea. As a result, limited usable water resources have been used for irrigation purposes. For a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of this type of anthropogenic activity, it is necessary to assess the quality of water in terms of its negative impact on plants, soil, elements of irrigation systems and irrigation techniques. The article provides a brief description of the most widely used approaches in world and domestic practice to analyze the suitability of water resources for irrigation purposes. Based on them, on the example of specific water management facilities whose resources are used or are planned to be used for irrigation, a comprehensive assessment of water quality was carried out. As a result of the study, it was found that the analysis of the suitability of water resources for irrigation purposes, based only on the assessment of their chemical composition, does not always allow us to get an unambiguous answer to the question whether they should be used for irrigation, since this is further influenced by a number of factors: the amount of precipitation, the volume of irrigation norms, the method of irrigation, the type of soil and others. However, its results contribute to the justification of actions aimed at reducing / preventing the negative consequences of the use of water in agriculture that does not meet the quality requirements.

The aim of the study is to assess the impact of irrigation with wastewater of various degrees of treatment from urban wastewater treatment plants on agrochemical indicators of soils. As materials for the study, samples of wastewater of various degrees of treatment were selected (stage 1 – mechanical treatment, stage 2 – biological treatment) from the Kadamovsky treatment facilities of LLC “Ecological Technologies” in Novocherkassk. The selected samples were evaluated according to the main irrigation indicators: irrigation coefficient, sodium adsorption coefficient and the danger of magnesium salinization. Under laboratory conditions, alfalfa seeds were grown in vessels against the background of irrigation with tested waters. Agrochemical indicators of soils were evaluated in comparison with the approved standards for soils of the Rostov region. The control sample was watered with water from the Don River. Irrigation characteristics of the selected wastewater samples demonstrate their suitability for irrigation in all controlled parameters. In both types of treated wastewater, there is an excess of the content of phosphates by more than 30 times compared to the established norms, sulfates – by more than 4 times. As a result of the soil assessment, the following data were obtained: the humus content after irrigation with wastewater that has undergone only mechanical treatment increased slightly, in other cases the amount of humus decreased, and in the control variant by 1.5 times, and in the variant with water after biological treatment by only 6%; in all variants, when irrigation with wastewater, it is noted accumulation of nitrogen, as well as in all variants, there is a decrease in the content of phosphates and potassium in soils. The change in electrical conductivity indicates the leaching of easily soluble salts from soils against the background of irrigation, and to the greatest extent when watering with water that has passed the 2nd stage of treatment. In general, according to all indicators, the most suitable for irrigation is water after biological treatment.

The system of remote control and monitoring of the sprinkler machine “Cascade 65T” is presented. The purpose of the research was to justify the expediency of equipping the sprinkler machine “Cascade 65T” with the equipment implementing the function of remote control and monitoring. The research was carried out on the fields of UNPO “Povolzhye” of Vavilov University and UNPK Agro Center of Vavilov University. Due to the functions of remote control and monitoring the sprinkler machine “Cascade 65T” meets the requirements of precision agriculture. Operational data on the irrigation progress and signals are transmitted via the Internet, allowing remote control of the machine operation. GPS receiver, located on the last cart, allows you to set the current position of the sprinkler on the irrigated area. Information about the irrigation process goes to the central fail-safe server of the system, where it is processed and entered into the database, which can be integrated into the accounting system of the enterprise. It has been established that the introduction of sprinkler machines “Cascade 65T” and the universal control and monitoring system on the agricultural enterprise will bring to unified management of sprinkler machines and pumping stations. This in turn will ensure the coordinated operation of sprinkler machines and optimal distribution of loads on the pumping stations.

Land irrigation is one of the important factors in obtaining stable and high crop yields. In Russia, up to 80% of arable land is located in zones of insufficient and unstable soil moisture. Sprinkler machines are used to irrigate the soil. Manufacturers of sprinkler equipment offer a wide range of machines to work on closed irrigation networks. Angular transmission (AT) is most commonly used as the wheel gear of sprinkler machines. An important component of the wheel gearbox is the worm gear. When analyzing the existing designs of arch sprinkler carts, it was concluded that it is necessary to optimize some of its elements. Such an element, in our opinion, is the elastic element of the coupling, made of polymeric material. The force elements of the elastic insert work mainly in bending. The most dangerous part of this element is the base of the “tooth”. In most cases, this element provides the necessary performance of the sprinkler drive, but at the peak values of torque (movement of wheeled cart on a difficult section) its deformation due to insufficient strength is possible. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to improve the strength characteristics of the drive elements of the arch-type sprinkler cart by optimizing their design parameters. To calculate the loads on the gearbox, classical methods of calculation of worm gears were used, taking into account the coefficients that depend on the environment. The finite element method with the use of the software environment Compass 3D was used to manufacture the prototype on a 3D printer.

The purpose of the research is to provide information on the assessment of the stability conditions of the water-saturated base under the fastening plates and the plates themselves, which makes it possible to determine the optimal thickness of this fastening. The basics of the methodology for assessing the reliability of the “concrete slabs-soil foundation” system of fastening sections of the downstream behind the culverts of reclamation systems are considered. Calculation of possible displacements of horizontally located plates makes it possible to evaluate their stability and optimize the design of the fastening and its under-plate cavity. The main results of the analysis of the method for assessing the behavior of the support and its subplate cavity, as well as a numerical experiment that made it possible to identify the degree of influence of various factors on the vibration of the plates and the state of the soil during their vibration and separation for the conditions of conjugation of pools in expanding channels behind low-span open spillways or low-point tubular structures of the agro-industrial complex are presented. The applied significance of the work is to provide information on the assessment of the conditions for the stability of a water-saturated base under the plates and the slabs themselves, which makes it possible to determine the optimal thickness of this mount and is important for further work on creating a reliable system for strengthening the bottom and slopes of water bodies.

The purpose of the research is to develop a layout and design solution for a fish-spawning channel, arranged to bypass the Kochetovsky waterworks on the Don River. Materials and methods. The factual basis of the development was made up of materials of topographic and hydrological surveys, complex surveys of structures and hydrometric studies of discharge regimes of expenses by culverts, data on the functioning of the fish-passing gateway and information on the migratory behavior of fish in the lower reaches of the waterworks. Results and discussion. Based on the initial information on the waterworks, survey and research materials, two alternative variants of the layout and design solution of the fish-spawning channel with its location on the right bank, adjacent to the waterworks, section of the Don floodplain are proposed. According to the first option, the channel is traced mainly along the riverbed (channels) Barsovka, its dimensions are designed to pass a flow rate of – 90 m³ /s, with an average flow rate of the water threshold along its path – 0,95 m/s. According to the second variant, the channel is located within the water-protected zone of the Don River along its right bank, the channel path is designed to pass a flow rate of 50 m³ /s and is equipped with an additional power supply unit at the inlet head, designed for a flow rate of 40 m³ /s. The facilities are equipped with entrance and exit heads, recreation areas for fish and fishing regulators. Both variants of the channel arrangement ensure their functioning according to their purpose – to provide conditions for the passage and spawning of fish. Information is provided on the advantages and disadvantages of each of the technical solutions, the comparison of which allows you to choose one of the options for subsequent development and implementation. Conclusion. 1 Two alternative variants of the layout and design solutions of the Kochetovsky fish-spawning channel have been developed. 2 For further development, it is recommended to trace the channel along the right bank of the Don River with the inclusion of an additional power supply unit in its composition.

The purpose of this study was to study the options for using a geomat with vegetation, namely the selection and selection of a mixture of herbs for the formation of herbage in the cover structure and the development of a hydraulic study technique. This article describes the study, which was aimed at studying the features of the formation of herbage of different grass seeds in the structure of the geomat. The features of the grass stand formation were studied and the most suitable grass variety for its use as part of a coating consisting of a geomat was determined. The results of these studies are necessary for the further application of a coating consisting of a geomat filled with soil with sowing of perennial grasses, as well as for determining its hydraulic characteristics, such as the roughness coefficient. An experimental setup for studying the hydraulic characteristics of an anti-erosion coating, a geomat with vegetation, is considered. A technique is described for determining the hydraulic characteristics with the refinement of the roughness coefficient of an anti-erosion coating consisting of a geomat filled with soil with sowing of perennial grasses. The use of this coating will give the slope of the soil structure a natural look without loss of protective properties. Also, thanks to the sowing of perennial grasses, the use of this coating will increase the environmental performance of the structure.

The work was carried out according to an innovative methodology that combines the approach of regression of Gaussian processes with the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb optimization algorithm with limited memory in order to predict the turbidity parameter of water at the outlet of sand-filled filters used in micro-irrigation systems. The order of significance of the variables involved in predicting the “turbidity” parameter at the outlet of filters with sand filler has been established. In particular, the input variable “Turbidity” can be considered the most important parameter in making a forecast. The methodology applied in the work can be successfully applied to other filtration processes with the same or different types of filter media, but the characteristics of each filter and experiment must always be taken into account.

Modeling ofthe maximum flow hydrographs during spring flood is interpretedas part of a more general task as extreme floods transit throw spillway structures accounting the cutting of maxima in flood control reservoirs. A general statement of the problem related to solving the problem of floods and related economic and environmental damages requiring carrying out complex compensatory and protective water management and hydraulic engineering measures is formulated. The solution of the general problem is not considered, but the authors’ link to the relevant publications is given. The presence of important infrastructure facilities, industrial enterprises and agricultural land can significantly reduce the class of structures. The method of modeling a maximum hydrograph using the Pearson type I differential distribution function for the cases of single-peak and two-peak hydrographs is proposed. Taking into account previous studies of research, the coefficients of completeness of hydrograph form and asymmetry are accepted as criteria for the correspondence of full-scale and simulated hydrographs. A theoretical justification is given and formulas are derived for the functions of maximum flow and flood volumes depending on time. The modeling algorithm is implemented in an Excel environment using built-in statistical beta distribution functions and an optimization procedure “solver”. Excel program is presented for a set of average parameter values, outlines of hydrographs are constructed depending on the shape coefficient, as well as nomograms of the relationship of the asymmetry coefficient with the shape coefficient depending on the ratio of the maximum flow rate and the volume of the flood. Methodology for a two-peak hydrograph is also considered, which is illustrated by the example of the Sursky hydroelectric complex on the Sura River.

The problems of the efficiency of the implementation of sustainable development Programs in terms of the conservation of water resources in urbanized areas are aimed at finding alternative solutions with the inclusion of innovative technologies and the search for optimal criteria for controlling water use conditions. It should be noted that there is insufficient knowledge and elaboration of technologies for the use of rain water resources. The purpose of the research is to develop and supplement the standardized requirements governing the possibility of reusing rainwater with the justification of the criteria for choosing systems for their collection and treatment. There are discrepancies and methodically insufficient elaboration of the problem of substantiating the criteria for choosing rain water collection and treatment systems, taking into account current trends in technology development, it is necessary to add standardized requirements regulating the mechanism of their reuse. To solve the problem, it is proposed to conduct studies clarifying the qualitative composition of surface wastewater, for which laboratory sampling of rainwater from various catchment surfaces was carried out. The results of chemical analyses showed a difference in the characteristics of rainwater collected from roofs, roads and courtyards. Based on the qualitative composition of rainwater, it was found that rainwater collected from roofs has the least pollution. Technological features of rainwater collection and treatment for their further reuse are described. It is proposed to create an accumulating reservoir, the replenishment of which will be carried out as it is used, taking into account the calculated values of the basic techniques. A technological scheme for the treatment of rainwater collected from roofs has been developed, the simplicity and cheapness of the proposed technology is noted.

The purpose of the research is to study the features of the movement of particles, aggregates and geological bodies (landslides) downhill under the influence of a number of natural and man-made factors, to study the most common natural and man-made objects that reduce the activity of the development of slope processes. Two of the most common slope exogenous geological processes are considered – surface flushing and landslide. These processes contribute to the entry of silt fraction into the sediments of water bodies. The study of pollution of water bodies with heavy metals still remains relevant when assessing the geo ecological state of the environment. On the Volga River basin the principles are proposed and the zoning is presented. According to natural and technogenic objects, four categories of sites were allocated hierarchically for monitoring the pollution of the territory with heavy metals. The zoning of the bed of water bodies for the distribution of silty sediments – sorbents of pollutants was carried out. The elements of the energy approach are presented, giving an understanding of the most likely locations of pollutants – energy traps and potential barriers. Practical examples of the spread of pollutants in the natural and man-made environment and the interaction of natural and man-made processes in the landslide system are given. For the landslide process, the most typical interactions between a geological body and man-made objects are presented. On the example of the most typical landslides for the European part of Russia, the measures aimed at their stabilization, as well as the impacts contributing to their activation, are presented. Natural and man-made potential barriers to the landslide process are considered.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the water availability and geo ecological situation in the catchments of the rivers in Klinsky district in Moscow region. The characteristic of aquifers used for domestic drinking water supply is carried out and the dynamics of groundwater intake in recent years is analyzed. It was revealed that the main reason for the decrease in water intake is an increase in the efficiency of water supply network up to 0.8…0.89 as a result of repair and reconstruction. In the dynamics of changes in the structure of water consumption, the following trends have been identified: water losses reduction as a result of reconstruction and modernization of water supply networks; water consumers increase due to economic development of the district; total water consumption decrease due to the reduction of water losses and the introduction of advanced water use technologies. The main consumer of water resources is the population (45, 48%, respectively), the second main water consumer is industrial enterprises (40…43%). The influence of the depression funnel around the Northern VZU on the water supply in the Klin district with groundwater which is about 83% of the total water intake, is taken into account. The main causes of groundwater pollution have been identified.

The aim of the study is to identify features of long-term variability of the moisture state of the vegetation and soil cover of the steppe zone of northern Kazakhstan. To identify the peculiarities of the variability of the state of natural humidification of landscapes (vegetation and soil) during the growing season of the long-term time interval (from 1976 to 2020), data from satellite images of the territory of the Ishim River Valley and the city of Atbasar, located in the Akmola region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, were analyzed. Based on the data of long-term meteorological observations and on the results of decryption of satellite images, the variability of the NDMI humidity index (normalized difference index of moisture in vegetation and soils) for 44 years for the period 1976‑2020 was characterized. The NDMI humidity index has increased values and intensity of color in the images at the air temperature below the norm (or near the norm) and the amount of precipitation above the norm for this territory. The NDMI humidity index has lower values at air temperatures above normal (or near normal) and the sum of precipitation below normal for a given territory. The low degree of moisture in vegetation and soil at the time of satellite survey is preceded by the arid previous 30-day period (also vice versa). A color scale of gradation of the NDMI humidity index values for use in assessing the humidity of the landscapes of Akmola region and adjacent territories of the northern part of Kazakhstan is proposed.

The purpose of the study is to improve the method of water balance of the river basin in terms of difficult-to-measure elements of water balance, such as total evaporation from the land surface and change in basin moisture reserves. For these purposes, the water balance equation of the river basin and the correlation equation connecting the patterns of formation of the river flow of the current period with the flow of previous years have been modified. A simulation model is presented, the structure of which includes systems of water balance equations and a correlation equation of a river basin. As a result of the joint use of these reference hydrological and meteorological stations, the results of simulation modeling were obtained and, on this basis, fairly long time series of water balance elements (EVB) of the Volga River basin in the formation zone to Volgograd were organized. Based on the obtained long series of EVB of the Volga River basin, a conjugate retrospective analysis of the interannual and seasonal variability of the EVB of the Volga River basin in the formation zone up to Volgograd was carried out.

In cases where the supply of energy sources to hydraulic structures located on irrigation canals is economically unjustified, hydraulic automation means are widely used in Russia and abroad. The purpose of the research is to derive design dependencies to determine the flow rate of the injected and injected flows, taking into account hydraulic losses within the flow path of the structure, to construct the flow characteristic of the regulator with a nozzle and an output section of a constant area with its subsequent verification by the data of the hydraulic experiment. Injection flow regulators have several modifications: with a diffuser outlet section without restricting the outlet pipe with a nozzle, with a nozzle and diffuser, with a nozzle and an outlet section of a constant area. For regulators with a nozzle, dependences for hydraulic calculations have now been obtained, which can be considered conditionally “ideal”, since they do not take into account a number of local resistances and frictional resistances along the length that arise when flows merge with subsequent movement in the mixing chamber. As a result of the research, the authors for the first time obtained calculated dependencies for determining the flow rate of the injected and injected flows, taking into account hydraulic losses within the flow path of the structure, and constructed the flow characteristic of a regulator with a nozzle and an outlet section of a constant area. The flow characteristic is verified using available hydraulic experiment data. An analysis of the shape of the flow characteristics of the injection regulator was carried out by comparison with the generalized characteristics of hydraulic jet pumps. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using the dimensionless characteristics of the injection water outlet to link it to specific operating conditions, as is customary when selecting pumps. To determine the flow rates in the regulator, a computer program has been registered.

The results of long-term meteorological observations indicate that climate warming is a real phenomenon that has been accelerating significantly in recent decades. Climate change creates new conditions for forestry. The purpose of the study is to determine the potential productivity of the forests of the Moscow region and its unrealized potential in the conditions of ongoing climatic changes. The results of long-term meteorological observations are used in the work. To assess the impact of changes in the provision of heat and moisture on forests, methods based on the dependence of potential productivity on climatic factors were used. Over the past 100 years, there have been significant changes in the climatic conditions of the growth of stands, taking place against the background of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: an increase in the average annual temperature (more than 2 times compared to the beginning of the XX century) and an increase in the duration of the growing season (on average by 30‑40 days), changes in the annual amount of precipitation and their redistribution by seasons year. According to the calculations carried out, along with this, there has been an increase in the potential productivity of the forests of the Moscow region by 1.6 times over the past 120 years. In conditions of an increase in the average annual temperature, precipitation, and the duration of the growing season, an important task of forestry should be the adaptation of forestry measures to current changes in order to increase forest productivity and the level of provision of ecosystem services, to adapt forestry to new conditions.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the practice of organizing wood harvesting in the East Siberian taiga-permafrost forest area. The methodological basis was the methods of comparative analysis and evaluation, which include the collection and analysis of the main activities of logging production. The East Siberian taiga-permafrost forest area is 112 million hectares, with a total wood reserve of 7240.52 million m3 . The forest area is characterized by a low intensity of forest use. The weak development of the road network is noted. A significant part of the wood is harvested when using forests for mining and construction of linear objects. The size of the estimated cutting area during the cutting of ripe and overgrown forest stands amounted to 35447.62 thousand m3 , while the volume of the actual used estimated cutting area is 1151.54 thousand m3 . It uses an average of 3.2% of the permissible forest use index. The main reserves of business timber, as well as large production facilities for its processing, are concentrated in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) – in the Aldan (36.9 million m3 ), Gorny (291.2 million m3 ), Lensk (923.7 million m3 ), Olek-Minsk (1170.8 million m3 ) forestry, which account for more than 50% of the annual estimated cutting area.

The object of the research is some historical facts of the development of medicinal plant production. The subject of the research is the use of medicinal plants in environment-improving technologies and the historical prerequisites for the creation of this direction. The research question was to actualize the issue of improving the environment through the use of essential oil plants. In the 20th century, the relevance of growing medicinal plants in culture increased, new tasks were set for medicinal plant production, specialized institutes were created (VNIHFI, VILAR). The wide range of possibilities of plants opens up new horizons for scientists in the study of ways to improve the environment. VILAR scientists are conducting in-depth research in this direction. The positive effect of plants on the ecological situation and the reduction of the level of morbidity of the population has been proved. The use of medicinal plants in landscaping also contributes to the increase of biodiversity in cultivated cenoses. The Stavropol Botanical Garden is engaged in the selection of an assortment of medicinal plants for use in environment-forming technologies suitable for cultivation in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland. Species of the Lamiaceae family are under study. It has been established that these species are resistant to these climatic conditions, to pests and diseases and are suitable for use in medicinal gardens and parks.

In the botanical gardens of Russia, collections of living plants are formed for the purpose of scientific study. The purpose of the work is to study the ecological and biological characteristics of species and cultivars of the genus Juniperus to solve practical problems of optimizing landscapes and cultural communities in the region. The studied species belong to six floristic regions. The object of the study was woody plants of the juniper genus (Juniperus L.) from the dendrological collection of gymnosperms of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The taxonomic composition of the botanical garden collection was clarified using literary sources; phenological phases were noted according to the methodology adopted for botanical gardens of the USSR. Plant height was measured with a SUUNTOPM‑5 altimeter. To characterize the life state of plants, the method of V.A. was used. Alekseev, decorativeness was determined visually (high – 2, low – 1) on individual scales: quality of the crown, trunk, needles. Analysis of the floristic origin of species was carried out using the system of A.L. Takhtadzhyan. ost of the plants were planted between 1968‑1973. These are trees from 7.5 to 13.5 m tall, multi-stemmed trees 0.7 m to 8.5 m, creeping shrubs. The beginning of shoot growth was noted in the 2nd‑3rd decade of April. The formation of cones was observed in 11 species and cultivars. Self-seeding was observed in Juniperus chinensis L. A healthy vital state was observed in 12 species and cultivars (100‑80%), 8 species and cultivars were weakened and needed additional agrotechnical measures (79‑50%), 3 species were severely weakened and needed replacement (49‑20%). Minor damage to needles by diseases was noted in the following species: juniper schutte – Juniperus chinensis, J. chinensis cv. Stricta and juniper rust – J. sabina cv. Tamariscifolia. Sustainable ornamental garden forms are recommended for propagation in industrial nurseries and for use in regional landscaping.