The purpose and direction of this study is to develop a scientifically based methodology for assessing the impact of convergent processes on moisture demand and crop yields during land reclamation. A related goal is to develop an algorithm for designing and managing technological processes for purposeful, environmentally sound reclamation of agricultural land under prevailing climatic and economic conditions. The productivity of agricultural crops is a material result of adaptive breeding, a combination of agricultural technologies, irrigation and drainage technologies, soil layer productivity, emerging climatic factors and humidity conditions in ecotopes of the agrocenosis. Irrigation reclamation technologies serve as a source of influence and a regulating factor of ecotopes in environmental management, and have the most positive effect on the level of crop productivity compared to other agrotechnical measures, especially for arid climate conditions. To assess the effectiveness of irrigation reclamation, it is recommended to use methods for determining the optimal ranges of values for complex factors of convergent processes. The most important factor is the water demand of agricultural crops in specific natural and economic conditions of the agrocenosis – a scientifically based integral indicator for calculating the parameters of the irrigation regime, taking into account its impact on the projected yield. The models of predicted productivity developed taking into account the recommendations on cultivated crops make it possible to describe the dynamics of plant water consumption in the given conditions of agro-reclamation activities on irrigated lands and to obtain justification for criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of convergent technologies affecting the water demand of crops and agrocenosis (agrosystem) in environmental management.

The precision irrigation system is a technology that allows you to supply a metered volume of water directly to the required area of the field, reducing resource costs, providing economically sound and environmentally safe irrigation. The purpose of the work was to develop technical means and devices for wide-range sprinklers for precision irrigation of agricultural crops, ensuring that the volume of water corresponds to the required level of moisture reserves of field areas at the time of their irrigation, and to assess the prospects for using the technology. The article discusses the possibilities of upgrading a wide-range sprinkler machine. A variant with block control of sprinklers according to the accelerated scheme and direct control of the sprinkler through an individual solenoid valve. The regulated water supply was carried out using programmable logic control and electromagnetic valves. The strategy of precision irrigation and the technical means used are given. The characteristics of the machines are considered. In particular, the change in the precipitation layer depending on the irrigation regime. Relationship between operating pressure and change in sprinkler flow. The Christiansen irrigation efficiency coefficient under different irrigation regimes is estimated. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness and expediency of using precision irrigation technology and recommendations are given. Option with frequent block control of sprinklers and direct control of the sprinkler via an individual solenoid valve. The controlled water supply was carried out using programmable logic control and solenoid valves. The strategy of precision irrigation and the technical means used are given. The characteristics of the machines are considered. In particular, the change in the precipitation layer depending on the irrigation regime. Relationship between operating pressure and change in sprinkler flow. The Christiansen irrigation efficiency coefficient under different irrigation regimes is estimated. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness and expediency of using precision irrigation technology and recommendations are given.

 The standard technology of irrigation of rice paddies by flooding is the most water-intensive. The economic efficiency of land reclamation projects can be calculated only on the basis of a multifactorial analysis of the impact of irrigation and economic factors in rice cultivation on its productivity. The object of research was a section of the Petrovsko-Anastasievskaya irrigation system in the Krasnodar Territory. The rice variety, the method of sowing, the depth of seed embedding, and the irrigation regime were selected as the variables. Crop rotation, fertilization, the role of irrigation regime in different phases of rice plant development, and a number of other factors were not considered at this stage of the research. The purpose of the research was to develop a methodology for calculating the optimal irrigation rate, which ensures the greatest economic effect from rice cultivation, considering the rice paddy fields flooding regime, varietal characteristics of the crop and the method of sowing in the Krasnodar Territory. To solve this problem, an Excel version of the software module was developed, which allows determining the irrigation rate and a set of the above-mentioned factors leading to the most cost-effective solution and appropriate design recommendations. The Pearson curve of type I with parameters selected based on field and laboratory research materials was adopted as the basic dependence of yield on irrigation rate. In the simulation mode, three operating factors are considered: the irrigation regime; the method of sowing rice, and the rice variety. The minimum set of scenarios left for modeling the situation was 18 variants, which led in the considered example to an irrigation rate of about 20 thousand m³/ha under conditions of combined irrigation of medium-ripened rice varieties. The direction of further research is related to the substantiation of basic dependence of yield on irrigation rate, the expansion of the number of influencing factors and the refinement of single cost indicators.

Creating favorable climatic conditions for plant cultivation in a controlled environment structure is directly linked to the stable operation of the heating system, particularly during the winter period. The objective of this study is to prevent plant loss in protected cultivation systems in the event of an emergency heating system shutdown. This paper proposes a method for determining indoor air temperature, which is considered a key microclimatic parameter, following the complete cessation of heat supply and subsequent cooling of the heating system. The calculation method is based on the thermal balance equation of the structure, which is widely applied in the design of heating systems, and on the law of the first kind of regular thermal regime. The essence of this law lies in the assumption that the temperature in all parts of the system decreases uniformly during cooling, following an exponential decay law (for conditions of convective heat exchange Bi  1). The implementation of the proposed method is carried out on the example of an industrial greenhouse “Farmer 7.5” (Russian Federation), designed for year-round plant cultivation. It has been established that after an emergency shutdown of the heating system, the internal air temperature (initial value 22°C) will reach a conditionally critical value of 8°C after an approximate time interval of 1 hour and 15 minutes. The effect of the magnitude of heat losses on the duration of the drop in indoor air temperature to a critical value is insignificant (on average, it increases by 0.2 hours for every 0.1 m² ∙ K/W of thermal resistance of the fence). Reducing heat loss will lead to a natural reduction in the initial thermal power of the heating system (before it is switched off) in order to maintain the required indoor air temperature and, as a consequence, to a reduction in the amount of thermal energy that it transfers to the room during cooling.

The purpose of the research: to study the condition of the canals of the reclamation system; research objectives: to determine the compliance of the operational characteristics of the canals with the design values, to determine the nature of deformations and violations of the geometric dimensions of the bottom and slopes of the canals, to determine the amount of excavation work to clean and restore the elements of the reclamation system, to determine the prerequisites for making a decision on ongoing and major repairs of the canals of the reclamation system. The article presents the results of a study of the state of reclamation drainage canals. The work considered the drainage canals of the reclamation system of the Field Experimental Station of the Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow 

Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. According to the cross-sectional shape, drainage canals can be trapezoidal, rectangular and parabolic. The most common are trapezoidal canals, the slopes of which are more stable, and they are more adapted for cleaning operations, while with mechanized cleaning of rectangular and parabolic canals, it is possible to destroy the edges of the slopes. The operation of drainage reclamation systems is associated with the appearance of sediments, siltation, herbaceous and shrubby vegetation at the bottom and slopes of canals. The cross-sectional area is reduced. All these factors lead to a disruption in the functioning of the entire reclamation system, which consists, first of all, in a decrease in the capacity of the canal; and, secondly, reducing the design depth of the canal. All this contributes to the flooding of the agricultural field and nearby areas. This state of affairs requires mechanized treatment, which must be implemented with the design depth. This means that the development of sediments from the bottom of the canal to a greater depth than the design depth leads to a decrease in the depression curve and a decrease in the drainage rate.

The purpose of the study is to assess the technical condition of pumping stations in the Saratov region, energy costs for irrigation and determine the most effective ways to reduce its consumption. Research has established that the range of electricity costs for supplying 1000 m³ by pumping stations varies widely from 475-668 kWh when using high-pressure pumps (D1250-125, QVD) to 184-214 kWh. when using low-pressure pumps D1250-63; D500-65. Energy savings at pumping stations with a high-pressure pumping unit when introducing low-pressure sprinklers and increasing the number of simultaneously operating machines is 21-41%. Replacing high-pressure pumps with pumps operating at a pressure of 0.8-0.9 MPa reduces electricity consumption at the pumping station to 266 kWh (78%). Significant savings of 1,8-2.2 times are achieved when the irrigated area is modernized and installed with low-pressure sprinklers, and low-pressure pumps are installed at the pumping station, and the pressure at the pumping station is reduced from 1-1,25 MPa to 0,5-0,65 MPa. The best results are obtained by using a low-pressure pumping unit with frequency control of electric motor speed, while the cost of water supply is reduced to 184-198 kWh. Energy savings will be facilitated by the introduction of organizational measures – clear planning of the DM operation so that the pumping units operate in optimal mode, improvement of the organization of operation, ensuring the simultaneous completion of irrigation of irrigated fields for DM having different lengths and modifications, the introduction of the ability to regulate the water consumption of machines.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive assessment of the technical condition of a hydraulic structure on the Maly Chembar River in the Penza Region. A detailed study of the hydraulic unit’s condition was conducted, including the earthen dam, spillway structures, and bottom outlets, to determine the residual resource of their components and identify safety deficiencies. During visual and instrumental inspections, significant defects were identified, such as subsidence of the dam crest, concrete corrosion, malfunction of hydraulic equipment, and siltation of the spillway bottom. The results of the study showed that the hydraulic structure is in a critical (emergency) condition, requiring immediate major repairs to prevent potential accidents. The need to strengthen the dam body, restore the functionality of the outlets, and develop an emergency action plan is emphasized. The study also includes calculations of the spillway capacity and filtration characteristics of the earthen dam, which allow for an assessment of current risks and propose measures to improve the condition of the hydraulic structure.

The aim of the study was to determine the roughness coefficient of the BeNotex SK concrete sheet. The features of the model installation for determining the hydraulic characteristics of the concrete sheet are considered and the method for determining them is described. The hydraulic studies were aimed at determining the roughness coefficient of the studied coating. The studies were carried out on an experimental installation of trapezoidal cross-section with a vertical right and inclined left slopes. The study of the roughness coefficient “n” was carried out on a control section, the walls and bottom of which were completely covered with the sheet. The length of the working section with the material under study was 6 m. The average value of the roughness coefficient was found and recommendations were given for using such a coating as an anti-erosion coating. The hydraulic studies carried out for the Be-Notex SK concrete sheet material showed positive possibilities for using such fastening in the practice of irrigation and drainage construction.

 This study is devoted to a comparative analysis of various models of oscillations of the free surface of a liquid with an emphasis on self-oscillatory processes. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the accuracy, applicability and effectiveness of these models for solving specific tasks. Water flow oscillations are complex fluctuations that occur under the influence of various factors, such as atmospheric conditions and gravitational forces. The study examines the main characteristics of oscillations, including frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, as well as the importance of nonlinear forces and feedback mechanisms for the occurrence of self-oscillations. Analytical methods are used to analyze the calculation models and approaches used, which makes it possible to obtain more accurate results for various parameters of the self-oscillatory motion of open water streams. This work can serve as a basis for further study of the dynamics of aquatic environments and the development of more effective management strategies for the use of water resources.

This article discusses the development of software for the analysis, assessment and forecasting of water bodies eutrophication using the Python programming language. Eutrophication is a process characterized by excessive accumulation of nutrients in water bodies, which leads to deterioration in water quality and negative consequences for the ecosystem. As part of the work, software for a personal computer was developed that uses machine learning and statistical analysis methods to process data on the chemical composition of water: the content of minerals, hydrogen pH and temperature, which affects the eutrophication of water bodies. The program consists of data collection and pre-processing modules, which are based on empirical models that allow you to create a scenario for the development of the situation. The main focus is on the development of an intuitive interface that allows users without deep knowledge of programming to interact with the tool. The article also presents the results of testing the program on the data obtained from observations and sampling for 2023-2024 from the lower farm pond. Comparison of the results, assessment of the forecasting accuracy using the program with the experimental data obtained over two years of research show the effectiveness of the developed software. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental data was no more than 5%, which indicates the possibility of using this tool for predictive calculations and drawing up a scenario for the development of the environmental situation, the use of preventive measures to prevent or minimize the bloom of water bodies. Thus, the software is a useful tool for ecologists, researchers and water resources management authorities, contributes to more efficient management of water bodies and the preservation of their ecosystems.

Methods for protecting hydraulic structures and maintaining conditions for their trouble-free operation have currently been developed in sufficient detail and are widely used. The question is one of appropriateness, consistency, intensity and place of their application. In the context of a shortage of financial resources allocated for the restoration of hydromelioration systems, it makes sense to conduct an analysis of the distribution of costs for restoring the operability of hydromelioration systems in accordance with the Pareto Law. The Pareto law in its most general form is formulated as “20% of the effort gives 80% of the result, and the remaining 80% of the effort gives only 20% of the result.” In our case, as applied to linear structures, this means eliminating individual faults that have the most significant impact on the canal’s throughput. Such faults can be considered as bottlenecks. A bottleneck is a resource whose capacity to provide bandwidth is less than the demand for it. If the level of funding is insufficient or funding is delayed, bottlenecks in the system’s operation are identified in order to eliminate them and improve the performance of the HMS. In addition, the economic efficiency of the measures is determined. In our case, the bottleneck is a section of a linear structure whose capacity is equal to or less than that currently required. The decrease in throughput usually occurs due to a decrease in the canal cross-section due to various reasons. The decision on the method for restoring the functionality of the structures is made after a detailed examination, depending on the type and volume of work, the availability of available equipment and resources, including financial ones. When analyzing a specific facility (Sarpinskaya OOS of the Republic of Kalmykia), it was found that the cost of eliminating bottlenecks is 0.23% of the cost of major repairs. The above works are related to current repairs. Operation of a linear structure after such liquidation is a temporary measure, but it allows for water supply to irrigated areas currently in operation for a limited period prior to repair or reconstruction.

The article considers the studies of field-protective forest melioration systems in the conditions of increasing climate change in the south of Russia. Changes in the frequency an of changes in weather phenomena, namely the gradual transition from four seasons to two seasons – winter and summer, already creates certain difficulties in the cultivation of agricultural crops for farmers of our country, which can threaten the food security of Russia. The main objective of the study is to analyze adverse natural phenomena associated with climate change in the south of Russia, namely, to study the role of forest protection plantations in a comprehensive system of corrective measures in modern conditions to reduce the effects of weather phenomena in stressful conditions of the agroforest landscape. The studies were conducted on ordinary chernozems (black soils). As a result of the studies of field-protective forest melioration systems, it was found that all 10 forest belts have a deviation in the design. The recommended openwork design as a result of uncontrolled growth (without proper care) is replaced by a dense one. Forest belts with the main tree species of black locust have a more stable 3 (strongly weakened) category of ecological condition of stands. In some forest belts, there are areas subject to decay as a result of their degradation or cutting. Distribution by heights of stands in the studied variants ranges from 5.83 m (Fraxinus pubescens Marsh) to 12.62 m (Robinia pseudoacacia L), with their average value for two regions from 10.14 m to 10.34 m. The use of field-protective forest reclamation plantations in a complex of the system aimed at mitigating stress situations in the fields of agrolandscapes is confirmed to be effective. An increase in the territory of the protective effect on the fields is possible with the restoration of forest reclamation communities, bringing the structures to the recommended ones.

d increase in the sharpness

The rationale for the creation of a system for preserving natural identity by coordinating the activities of the agricultural and forestry sectors, as complementary and interdependent structures, is given. It has been established that at the state level, the implementation of the requirements for the conservation of forest areas is ensured by creating territorial state forest belts. It is revealed that the violation of the hydrological regime is one of the main factors that reduce the viability of forests and barrier belts. An analytical review of measures implemented at the federal level to preserve the agro- and forest-landscape is presented. The concept of conducting economic activities in an environmentally friendly mode by transforming the agrolandscape into the agroforest landscape is proposed. The commonality of the means of mechanization used in care measures in forests and for the tasks solved by the reclamation complex in the framework of agricultural work is noted. It is proposed to create a complex of small-sized means of mechanization, equipped with adaptive system control, functionally coordinated to maintain the effective maintenance of the agroforest landscape. The stages of further work on the creation of a territorial digital cluster of sustainable environmental development are outlined, including the development of a technical block to provide the territories of the agro-industrial complex sectors and forests with means of mechanization of Z-shockless (zero) impact on the environment.

 The article presents the development of a simulation model for the spread of forest fires, considering wind dynamics, which was implemented in the AnyLogic environment. The model is based on a synthesis of cellular automata and agent-based approaches, allowing for the consideration of spatial heterogeneity in forest cover, topographical features of the area, and dynamic changes in meteorological conditions. The mathematical apparatus of the model consists of modified Rotermel equations, supplemented by the parameterization of wind action through a vector field that considers average velocity and turbulent components. Qualitative changes in the fire dynamics are observed in this model. The results obtained emphasize the significance of considering wind dynamics and non-linear effects when simulating forest fires. The developed model can be used to address the challenges of operational forecasting of fire-hazardous situations, optimizing fire extinguishing resources, and assessing the effectiveness of firefighting measures. Future research opportunities lie in integrating real-time remote sensing data and developing adaptive control algorithms for extreme conditions.

The study is devoted to assessing the state of green spaces in the northeastern part of Moscow, which are a good example of facilities experiencing increased anthropogenic stress and at the same time performing their main functions – the absorption and processing of negative impact products. The purpose of the study is to assess the dynamics of the forestry and ecological state of plantations in a megalopolis by determining the degree of deformation of the vegetative organs of the main forest-forming rock, as well as the content of dangerous chemical elements such as lead and zinc in them and the soil. Research methodology: to achieve this goal, two test areas were laid on the territory of the Losiny Ostrov Park in 2022, located within the recreational zone at different distances from the boundaries of the forest park and surveyed in 2001 by Prima-M LLC as part of a citywide monitoring program. A description is given of a study conducted to assess the dynamics of changes in the forestry characteristics of the green spaces of the Losiny Ostrov National Park depending on the degree of deformation of the leaves of the hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth) and the content of lead and zinc in the soil and leaves of this breed. The results obtained: updating the data obtained during the study in 2022 and comparing them with previous ones, in addition to the obtained measurements of fluctuating leaf asymmetry, allows us to conclude that the plantings are adapted to lead and zinc. Conclusions: the results of the study can serve as a justification for establishing new approximate permissible concentrations of lead and zinc in soil and air, as well as to judge the high degree of adaptation of the hanging birch to adverse environmental conditions. The data obtained during the study will be used in the future for comparative analysis with the results of other natural objects located in other administrative districts of Moscow (Kuzminki Natural History Park, Kolomenskoye Museum Reserve, N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden).

The purpose of the research is to assess the state of natural renewable undergrowth after continuous logging in the Aldan forestry of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The article presents the results of field studies evaluating natural reforestation in continuous deforestation in conditions of multi-year permafrost in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The research was conducted in 2024 in the Aldan forestry and the Tommotsky district forestry of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) after continuous logging in 2014, 2019 and 2022. The undergrowth was counted on accounting sites with an area of 2 × 2 m. In total, 25 test sites were laid at each logging site on the portages along the running lines. In 2014, the size of the test area was 0.1 ha (50 × 20 m). Deforestation is resumed with tree species characteristic of the research area – larix, betula, picea, pinus. Viable undergrowth from 83 to 90% prevails in the cuttings. In 2022, the number of shoots of viable Larix undergrowth is 2.0 thousand units/ha, pinus – 8.0 thousand units/ha, picea – 4.5 thousand units/ha. The resumption of associated tree species, salix and betula, in the amount of 2.0 and 8.1 thousand units/ha, respectively, is noted against the background of deforestation in 2014. In the high-altitude structure of the undergrowth, large specimens occupy the dominant position (73%).

Larix is being renewed in the amount of 3.9 thousand units/ha. In 2019, dense viable small undergrowth of pinus appeared in the amount of 2.0 thousand units/ha, picea – 0.8 thousand units/ha, betula – 3, 1-8 thousand units/ha. It should be noted that according to the number of viable undergrowth of the main breeds, natural regeneration is assessed as satisfactory.

 Illegal forest use leads to negative consequences in the field of ecology, forest economics and state forest management, and increases corruption risks, which is evidence of the relevance of research. Their main goal is to assess the level of illegal trade in timber products in the south of the Far East, using the example of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories, which was carried out on the basis of the author’s methodology for calculating the balance of harvesting and consumption volumes in the equivalent of liquid wood. Conventional methods were also used – comparative analysis, evaluation and graphic-analytical. First of all, the research results showed that starting from 2019, there has been a significant decrease in the total volumes of procurement and exports. 2023 will see the lowest rates in the last decade. The level of illegal turnover of forest products, in some years, reached 800 thousand m³, but subsequently, starting from 2019, illegal logging of forest plantations was not recorded in a significant volume. This is due to the large number of legislative measures taken in the Russian Federation. In particular, the most important ones are the introduction of electronic accompanying documents for the removal of wood and the preparation of a report on the balance of income and consumption of forest products at storage sites, which make it possible to note their positive impact on reducing the level of illegal logging. This is especially noticeable in the Russian Far East.

This article provides the development of a methodology for assessing the decorative effect of elm trees, taking into account the complex influence of urban environmental factors. The key factors of decorativeness are analyzed, indicating that the decorative qualities of elms are most significantly influenced by: the number of green spaces, the level of dust in the air, the uniformity of species and the degree of morbidity, as well as aspects such as biology (B), ecology (E), landscape (L), care (C), social factors (S) and cultural innovation (H). These parameters became the basis for the creation of a mathematical model of decorativeness (D). The tested results are shown and evaluated in the study areas of two cities (Saratov and Engels) with different traffic intensity. To enhance the decorative effect, it is proposed to improve the care of trees on streets with high traffic intensity; replace damaged trees with resistant Ulmus species; regularly monitor soil conditions and pollution levels.