The method of three-dimensional model in the system of computer modeling MathCad and Autodesk 3ds Max by categories of total soil pollution is developed. A visualization block and an analytical block have been developed which are based on calculated mathematical models for analyzing and evaluating the environmental situation, risks, and environmental safety of the territory. Three-dimensional models of relief mapping of the Pekhorka river floodplain are constructed by integrating them with the help of a programming environment and optimized 3D modeling programs. Three-dimensional models with total soil contamination for water body sections are constructed. On the example of some sections of the catchment area of the Pekhorka river in the Balashikha region, models with soil contamination by the total ZC indicator were created. The development of 3D modeling techniques allows you to create predictive scenarios more accurately with a high degree of detail, as well as quickly approach the solution of environmental problems. Optimization of three-dimensional modeling in the field of problems related to the catchment area contributes to the further operational solution of problems of rational land use and improvement of the environmental situation.

The purpose of the study is to develop new scientific approaches to improve the efficiency of irrigation machines. Modern digital technologies allow the collection of data, their analysis and operational management of equipment and technological processes, often in real time. All this allows, on the one hand, applying new approaches to modeling technical systems and processes (the so-called “data-driven models’), on the other hand, it requires the development of fundamentally new models, which will be based on the methods of artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, machine learning algorithms and etc.). The analysis of the tracks and the actual speeds of the irrigation machines in real time showed their significant deviations in the range from the specified speed, which leads to a deterioration in the irrigation parameters. We have developed an irrigation machine’s control model based on predictive control approaches and the theory of artificial neural networks. Application of the model makes it possible to implement control algorithms with predicting the response of the irrigation machine to the control signal. A diagram of an algorithm for constructing predictive control, a structure of a neuroregulator and tools for its synthesis using modern software are proposed. The versatility of the model makes it possible to use it both to improve the efficiency of management of existing irrigation machines and to develop new ones with integrated intelligent control systems.

One of the most common types of hydraulic structures is reinforced concrete pipelines used in various areas of water management. They are used in water supply and disposal systems as supply and discharge pipelines of hydroelectric power plants and pumping stations, in the system of land reclamation. Due to the prevalence of these structures and their large lengths, design issues play an important role. Currently, when calculating reinforced concrete pipelines, both monolithic and prefabricated, the pipe ring of a single width is considered as a linear-elastic body under the conditions of a plane-deformed state. At the same time, it is considered that reinforced concrete pipelines have a sufficiently high rigidity, so the impact of soil resistance due to their deformation is very small and it is not taken into account when designing. In addition, in reinforced concrete, from which pipes are made, even at low loads, nonlinear deformations occur associated with the development of its creep. Non-linear operation of reinforced concrete also occurs in the case of cracks in the pipeline shell, and in its most stressed zones cracks may be formed and stresses may appear in the reinforcement. These factors lead to a change in the rigidity of the cross sections of the pipeline shell and redistribution. The article considers how the presence of expanded joints affects the stress state of the underground pipeline shell, how justified is the assumption that the ground resistance has a small effect on the operation of the prefabricated water supply pipeline, and also there is examines the influence of the physical nonlinearity of reinforced concrete on the results of its calculation in the spatial setting.

Many slightly reinforced concrete structures of operating hydraulic structures need strengthening. Traditional methods of strengthening (by reinforced concrete, metal structures, etc.) have significant disadvantages. A method of strengthening by external reinforcement systems based on carbon fiber which is effective in cases where there is an access to the tension zone of the reinforced structures begins to spread. The authors propose to strengthen slightly reinforced concrete structures of the operated hydraulic structures with pre-stressed basalt composite reinforcement placed in the pre-drilled holes in the concrete of the reinforced structures. To substantiate the proposed technical solutions there was carried out a set of experimental studies of characteristic slightly reinforced concrete structures of hydraulic facilities (including those with inter-block construction joints) reinforced with pre-stressed basalt composite reinforcement. The results of experimental studies have shown the effectiveness of strengthening low-reinforced concrete structures of operating hydraulic facilities with inter block construction joints by means of pre-stressed: longitudinal basalt composite reinforcement and transverse reinforcement.

The prospects for the use of solar power plants in the world of environmental hydraulic engineering are analyzed. Recommendations on the constructive combination of elements of structures of environmental hydro technical complexes with solar photovoltaic installations (SFEU) are presented. The variants of their most rational location on the building of hydroelectric power stations (GES) of different types are considered. It is established that the buildings of small and medium-sized hydroelectric power plants represent significantly more constructive possibilities for combining the GES building with the SFEU. The relationship between the area suitable for placing solar cells and the diameter of the turbine impeller is determined. With a decrease in the diameter of the impeller, the relative surface area suitable for placing solar cells increases. It is noted that it is most appropriate to combine SFEU and small hydroelectric power plants with non-combined buildings with transformers on the downstream side. At medium-sized hydroelectric power plants of various types, the conditions for combining are approximately the same. The results of the work can have an impact on obtaining a reliable power supply system based on renewable energy sources, improving the safety of the GTS (hydro technical structures) of existing hydroelectric facilities in the context of increasing the efficiency of the introduction of ”green“ technologies in the energy sector while reducing biosphere pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, including in hard-to-reach areas of agricultural areas where there are problems with centralized water supply.

The need to create a single unified information and diagnostic system to ensure the safe operation of hydraulic structures is caused by the requirements of the Federal Law ”On the safety of hydraulic structures“ (No. 117-FZ). At the current moment, the systems used are heterogeneous and are being developed according to the requirements of operation and expert organizations, while the uniformity of terminology and approach to assessing the state of objects is not ensured. The purpose of this work is to define approaches and to develop architecture for a unified information and diagnostic system. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the performance of the minimum set of functions necessary for a comprehensive analysis of the state of hydraulic structures. There is given a description of the architecture and basic set of functions of the information system which make it possible to monitor the state of hydraulic structures. The systematization of the functionality of the existing information systems has been carried out, on the basis of the analysis the optimal composition of the minimum number of functions which provide control over the safe operation of hydraulic structures has been developed.

In the given materials there is given an analysis of the operation of existing constructions of devices for dissipation of excess energy of idle water discharges at hydraulic engineering facilities. The most applied design for dissipation of flow energy in the practice of hydraulic building in the world is stilling basins with straight axis made in prismatic or trapezoidal shapes which is appealing in their simplicity. The main disadvantage of these stilling wells in case of their using together with tubular spillways, especially having several strings, is practical impossibility to provide uniform distribution of specific discharges at the outlet from the spillway. This is connected with the fact that with several strings it is difficult to provide uniform distribution of specific discharges in the inlet section of the stilling well, it causes appearance of unstable regimes during operation of the stilling basin, especially in case of spillway operation with incomplete front which makes them inapplicable exactly for multi-point tubular spillways. At the same time, by deforming the stilling basin well flow in the form of a spiral, it is possible to reduce the length of the spilling basin by creating the possibility of the planned symmetric spreading of the flow in the output section in the diversion channel of the stilling basin, allowing using it if necessary to repeatedly expand the flow behind the spillway.

The results of the analysis and assessment of changes in annual and seasonal characteristics of hydrometeorological processes in a private catchment area of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex of the Volga river are presented. To analyze the temporal dynamics of the variability of the annual and seasonal characteristics of the hydrometeorological processes in the considered territory of the river basin we used more than 100 years of observations of annual and seasonal fluctuations of lateral inflow, total atmospheric precipitation and air temperature regimes on the Volgariver. Relationship equations for annual and seasonal changes in hydrometeorological characteristics in time are obtained. It was found that long-term fluctuations of hydrometeorological processes (lateral inflow, total atmospheric precipitation and air temperature) are characterized by tendencies (trends). The analysis of these trends showed that the non-standard climatic situation, starting from the 70s of the last century, had a very significant impact on the distribution of annual and especially on the seasonal (low-water and winter) characteristics of hydrometeorological processes. It has been established that non-standard unidirectional changes are found in the fluctuations in the total atmospheric precipitation. If the winter total precipitation is characterized over the 100-year period in question by a continuously decreasing trend, the summer-autumn period is an increasing trend. This leads to the fact that long-term fluctuations in total precipitation during the period of low water are formed as a stationary process. At the same time, the total precipitation of the spring flood and inflowing to the Kuibyshev hydroelectric unit is characterized by a constantly increasing trend.

Water-resource systems have become as much a reality as electric power, transport, communication systems and other large man-made systems. The concept of water resource systems (WRS) refers primarily to a hydraulically connected set of sources and means of managing and delivering water resources to water consumers and water users. The world experience shows that the largest WRS use river runoff as a source of water resources; however, as our research has shown, the future belongs to WRS which are based on the joint management of surface and underground water resources. Despite the significant similarity in the processes of creating and managing large man-made systems, WRS have a number of features that require solving specific problems. First of all, the strategy for the development and management of WRS should take into account the variability of river flow, as well as the fact that these systems are one of the most important elements of the environment. It is these factors that underlie the solution of the problem of the WRSguaranteed output and the reliability of the functioning of these systems on the basis of the calculated availability of their guaranteed to the socio-economic sphere and guaranteed satisfaction of the environmental requirements which is one of the principles of sustainable economic development.

There are presented the results of the study of mudflows in the upper reaches of the Bezengi gorge (the basin of the Cherek Bezengiysky river, above the rural settlement of Bezengi) where villages pose the greatest threat to the lives of people and economic objects. 12 watercourses with the highest frequency of mudslides were identified with a catchment area of which is 202.5 km². The most dangerous in terms of descending frequency and flow power are the Zhyrchy-Suu, Bekkam-Suu and Urel-Suu streams, mudflows from which regularly fill up the dirt road to the Bezengi alpine camp and hay fields. The results of field research data of the mudflows that came in 2011, 2012, 2015 and 2017 years on the Zhyrchy-Suu, Urel-Suu and Bekkam-Suu streams and a comparative characteristic with the data of mudflows descending the same streams on July 9, 2020 are given in the work. The tendency of activation of mudflow processes in this area is determined and recommendations are given for anti-mudflow protection of the road leading to the Bezengi alpine camp.

Currently, the problems of energy conservation and energy efficiency are among the most pressing both in the Russian Federation and the world community. It is no secret that the main consumers of electricity are pumping stations. Reducing the power consumption of pumping stations is a priority worldwide. The use of energy efficient technologies and alternative methods of supplying water can significantly save energy. One of these methods of water supply is the use of a hydraulic ram. The purpose of this work is to summarize materials and introduce the features of the use of hydraulic ram on rivers in those places where there is a problem of energy supply. The use of hydraulic ram as a water-lifting device is a rational solution, especially in mountainous areas. Based on the analysis of theoretical information, the results of research and technical developments of a number of institutes and organizations, various ram installations and their calculations are presented. It is emphasized that the positive aspects of the ram allow under the current conditions using these installations in hydraulic and water construction without the introduction of energy-saving technologies. Hydroramplants operate under winter conditions at temperatures up to -25°C. In addition, the use of hydraulic ram improves the safety of water supply systems, extends the service life of the system, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the water supply and distribution systems. The analysis of existing equations made it possible to establish optimal formulas for determining the productivity of rams and the efficiency of the plant. These expressions are the most justified ones and fully reflect the physical essence of the processes arising in hydro rams.

Changes in the glacial situation in the upper reaches of mudflow rivers that flow through the territory of mountain rural settlements as a result of climate warming contribute to an increase in mudflow risk factors. The current situation requires a review of the issues of ensuring the security of the territories of mountain settlements and infrastructure facilities. An important aspect of solving this problem is to identify areas of residential areas that are under threat of possible negative impact of dangerous slope and riverbed processes. The purpose of the presented study was to establish zones of possible damage by mudflow outflows on the territory of two mountain settlements in the Chegemsky district of Kabardino-Balkaria. The areas of possible damage were determined based on the analysis of the previous mudflow events by comparing the calculated critical volumes of mudflow outflows with morphometric parameters of the territory relief adjacent to the transit sections of mudflow channels, bridge crossings, water and mudflow structures. The results of the performed investigation show that the state and current situation of transit riverbed tracts on the territory of the villages may be inadequate for real mudflow energy. Mudslide risks and hazards in this region will not only remain relevant in the foreseeable future, but are likely to increase, they should be taken into account and it is necessary to be protected from them.

The purpose of the investigations is an assessment of filtration calculations of water lowering during construction works and laying engineering communications at the water catchment of the Likhoborka and Zhabenka rivers. There are considered hydrogeological questions of filtration calculations at construction and laying urban and rain sewers on the territory of the Dmitrovskoe highway in the Northern administrative district of Moscow. It is revealed that the main factors affecting hydrogeological conditions in the area of construction of engineering communications is water lowering. The dependences on the estimation of filtration calculations of water lowering in the area of construction of engineering communications are analyzed. Analytical dependences for the scheme of an infinite linear source of perturbation in the infinite layer are proposed and improved. It is established that the average costs are proportionally dependent to the level of water lowering in the water lowering area, and the relationship between average costs, regardless of the calculated linear scheme, is linear. A model for filtration calculations has been developed in Microsoft Excel. The model calculations showed that the maximum decrease in the estimated point of a multi-story non-residential administrative building does not exceed the values of the maximum allowable deformations.

The construction of protective dams is the most effective means of combating flooding. There are various ways to build protective dams. The alluvial method of constructing protective dams can significantly reduce the cost of their construction. The article describes a method and device for alluvial narrow-profile dams that allows the use of bottom sediments as a building material. The method includes clearing the riverbed from bottom sediments with dredging operations, improving the flow capacity during floods. The work is carried out by a dredger and the developed soil in the form of pulp is delivered to the alluvial device. The alluvial device ensures the separation of large fractions of soil from the general flow of pulp and allows the formation of a narrow-profile dam with stable slopes and an anti-filtration core. The article offers hydraulic calculations that allow us to justify the design and technological parameters of the method and device for alluvial narrow-profile dams: the values of the flow rate and the average speed of the pulp movement in the distribution unit of the device are determined; the dimensions of the inlet opening of the bell are justified; the time of alluvium of one map is determined; the number of outlet openings in the distribution slurry pipelines is justified and their location is specified. Nomograms are constructed that allow us to determine the optimal modes of alluvial dams - the length of the pulp pipeline, the height of the pulp rise, and the time of filling the alluvial map.