The purpose of the work is to characterize the structure of water use and indicate the directions for achieving ecologically balanced water use in reclamation systems using the example of the rice irrigation system of the Rostov region, to study the level of pollution of drainage and discharge water from it. In the structure of agricultural water consumption, irrigated agriculture is one of the most water-intensive industries. Rice is the most water-intensive crop. In the structure of water use of the rice irrigation system (RIS), the share of water consumption spent on ensuring the norm of rice water consumption amounted to 42.2%, and water losses in on-farm networks increased by 35%. One of the most important problems in the operation of reclamation systems is the discharge of drainage and waste water without treatment into water bodies. Studies of the chemical composition of drainage and discharge water in the outlet collector showed a high level of contamination with sulphates (7-10 MPC_rch), manganese (200 MPC_rch), phosphate ions (3-10 MPC_rch), mineralization of DDW reached 1800 mg/dm³. In the bottom sediments of the outlet collector from the rice irrigation system, which are a source of secondary pollution of the DDW, the excess of actual concentrations over the background for the Don River for manganese was found to be 1.87-4.0 times, zinc – 3.16-4.89 times, copper – 1.23-1.95 times, the salinity of bottom sediments ranged from 4000 to 5500 mg/dm³. RosNIIPM is developing a resource-saving technology for the purication and conditioning of drainage and discharge waters from the rice irrigation system and their recycling, which will minimize the negative impact on the Don River.

In the context of the growing energy intensity of agricultural production and the need to improve the sustainability of reclamation systems, the introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) into pumping stations of irrigation systems is becoming an urgent task. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical and economic efficiency of using solar and wind power plants to supply pumping stations in the reclamation systems of the Saratov Region, and to develop recommendations for their implementation. In this article the potential of using solar and wind installations for power supply of pumping equipment used in irrigation systems is considered on the example of Saratov region. Materials and methods. Data on the technical characteristics of pumping stations, including models produced by «Energomash» and other domestic manufacturers were used for the study. The adaptation of pumping equipment to work with unstable generation sources, such as solar panels and wind generators, has been analyzed. The schemes of RES integration into water supply systems are considered, including the use of battery systems and inverters to ensure stable power supply. On the basis of calculations, the efficiency of RES utilization in different districts of the Saratov region has been assessed, including the analysis of pumping equipment capacity, required energy consumption and economic feasibility of transition to autonomous energy solutions. The results of the study show that the introduction of RES in pumping stations can reduce operating costs by 20-30%, increase energy efficiency of land reclamation systems and reduce environmental impact. The payback period of such projects is 7-10 years, which makes them economically attractive for agricultural enterprises in the region. The use of solar panels and wind generators to power pumping stations reduces the dependence of agriculture on traditional energy sources. At the same time, it is possible to develop technology for the application of hybrid schemes (network + RES), which allow to optimize energy consumption, especially in periods of low consumption. Further research could be aimed at optimizing hybrid systems and developing intelligent energy management systems.

The aim of the study was to identify patterns in the influence of drip irrigation regimes on the formation of soil water balance and biometric parameters of young cherry trees of the Molodezhnaya and Volochaevka varieties in the Central Non-Black Earth Region. Field studies were conducted from 2023 to 2025, with pre-irrigation soil moisture maintained at 60-80, 70-90, and 80-100% of the HB, as well as in a control condition without irrigation. Analysis of meteorological conditions revealed uneven precipitation distribution during the growing seasons, which resulted in fluctuations in soil moisture and differences in the number of irrigation applications and irrigation rates from year to year. Drip irrigation provided more stable maintenance of optimal soil moisture compared to the control, especially during dry summer periods. It was found that the irrigation regime of 70-90% of HB contributed to the formation of the highest values of stem height, leaf surface area and trunk diameter in both varieties. A regime of 80-100% of the HB was inferior to the optimal regime in some cases, and the positive effect of irrigation was weaker with a regime of 60-80% of the HB. The control variant demonstrated minimal biometric indicators across all study years. The Volochaevka variety showed a more pronounced responsiveness to the improvement of the water regime, while the Molodezhnaya variety was distinguished by a smoother reaction. Statistical processing of the data confirmed the reliability of the effect of drip irrigation regimes on the biometric indicators of cherry trees. The results obtained indicate the expediency of using drip irrigation with maintaining soil moisture at the level of 70-90% of the NW when growing a young cherry orchard in the conditions of the Central Non-Black Earth Region.

The purpose of this article is to develop a design and optimize the operating parameters and placement of sprinklers with a diaphragm shut-off mechanism along the pipeline of a sprinkling machine. The article discusses the design and theoretical background of a sprinkler with a diaphragm shut-off element. It provides the flow-pressure characteristic of the sprinkler, taking into account the diameter of the diaphragm shut-off mechanism and the specific position of the micro-engine. The article presents the distribution of water when sprinklers are installed on the discharge pipes of surface irrigation, as well as sprinklers installed directly on the pipeline of a machine with a diaphragm shut-off element with a 2- and 3-meter step.

To maintain favorable conditions for plant growth in protected soil during the cold season, coordinated operation of heating and irrigation systems is required to ensure an optimal microclimate of the greenhouse. The choice of a heating system, in particular autonomous radiant systems based on dark-type ceiling gas infrared radiators, has a significant impact on the thermal regime of the soil and the parameters of the air environment. The purpose of the study is to develop a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in a greenhouse using radiant (infrared) heating under irrigation conditions, designed to justify the required thermal capacity of the heating system and calculate the optimal mass flow of water for irrigation during the cold season. The mathematical model includes the air environment, the soil surface and the enclosing structures of the greenhouse, and also takes into account the radiant heat transfer in the «radiator → soil → enclosure» system. A formula is proposed for determining the coefficient of multiple reflection of infrared radiation, which makes it possible to calculate the resulting heat flux absorbed by the soil surface.

To experimentally establish the influence of extreme temperature on the surface of alluvial meadow pebble soil in the arable horizon on the thermal regime and humidity to determine the depth of seed placement during sprinkling. Materials and methods. The alluvial meadow pebble soil from the arable layer, samples of which were delivered from the second terrace of the mountain river Laba, was studied. The soil with a stoniness of 55,1%, 22% and soil without pebbles were studied. A lamp simulating solar radiation of 700 lx was placed above the soil at a height of 0.5 m. Measurements of soil parameters of moisture and temperature were determined every 15 minutes for 24 hours. Uniform irrigation was carried out with sprinkling at a rate of 9 mm. Results. Alluvial meadow pebble soil with a stoniness of 55.1% is unsuitable for sprinkling irrigation; the arable horizon was dried out under the influence of extreme temperatures, and the humidity was in the range of 7-8%. The surface of the arable soil horizon with a stoniness of 22% experiences heating up to 65,01 0C and drying out, in the 10-15 cm layer the temperature decreases to 29.1 0C, and is favorable for the conditions of planting seeds in soils to a depth of at least 12 cm with sprinkling. The moisture in the soil in the 10-15 cm layer remains at a level of 43-48% during the experiment. Conclusion. The higher the soil stoniness, the more contrasting the parameters of soil processes: with stoniness of 55,1%, the temperature on the soil surface is 86,5 0C, with stoniness of 22% – 65,01% and without stoniness – 49, 5%. The most favorable temperature regime is observed in the soil layer of 10-15 cm with stoniness of 22%, where the temperature decreases from 36.0 to 29.1 0C with increasing depth. Soil stoniness of 55.1% at extreme temperatures leads to surface drying and moisture deficit of the arable horizon, which decreases to 7-8%. With stoniness of 22% in layers of 10-20 cm, humidity during the day remained in the range of 47-50%. At a depth of 10 cm, humidity was in the range of 43-47%, at a depth of 15 cm – 46-48%, respectively. Plant seeds should be planted at a depth of at least 12 cm.

The purpose of the research is to develop a probabilistic model for predicting the technical condition of homogeneous earth dams of Class IV for structures that are more than 25 years old and are operated without personnel or instrumentation. The research is based on data from a one-time expert survey conducted between 1991 and 2020 on more than 1,000 unowned hydroelectric facilities in the Moscow region. The use of artificial intelligence methods, particularly machine training, for a sample of 947 dams, and the subsequent validation of the predictive model on a sample of 160 structures, confirmed the high predictive ability of the resulting model. The model had good statistical quality scores, with a classification accuracy of 89% for second-class errors on the training sample and 94% on the validation sample. As a result of the research, the degree of influence of the dam’s age, its height, and the presence of a top slope reinforcement on the dam’s ability to maintain its operational condition has been identified. The model is easy to use and does not require specialized software. The research results can be used by facility owners or maintenance services to plan for the future financial resources necessary to maintain the dams in an operational condition.

This article presents the results of experimental studies of flow energy damping conditions in deep stilling basins. Based on a review of approximately fifteen designs, the most effective damper was selected as a deep but relatively short basin, positioned in the middle zone of the bottom of the piers behind the spillway’s transition section slope at an inclination angle of 40° to 75°. The objective of the study was to develop a flow chart for determining the optimal parameters of a combined damper. Graphical dependences, formulas approximating them, and the results of verification of the software package for conducting the numerical experiment are presented for a wide range of Froude numbers. It was found that damper efficiency increases with increasing Froude number. Conditions are noted where, with a relatively small depression in the stilling basin bottom (no more than 2.5 times the critical flow depth), the length of the basin, compared to a standard one, is reduced by up to 65%.

The presence of information gaps in the hierarchy of interaction between the Federal Agency for Fisheries (Rosrybolovstvo), territorial authorities and owners or organizations operating water intakes is one of the problems of managing fish protection structures (FPS). The purpose of the work is to develop the concept of an information and analytical system (IAS) for managing fish protection structures of water intakes, including the architecture of the system, a hierarchical management scheme, a description of software and technological components, and, in particular, the use of neural network models for processing unstructured data. The architecture of the system is proposed, based on a three-level structure (data layer, analytical core, interaction interfaces), providing end-to-end monitoring of the functioning of fish protection facilities without additional equipment. As an innovative component, the integration of the large Gemma 3 language model (27 billion parameters) has been implemented for automated recognition of «raw» documents and unified data entry of operating organizations into a single database. The development methodology includes integration with existing information sources (hydrological posts, ichthyological stations, IoT sensors). The system is adapted to the operating conditions of water bodies: it supports heterogeneous input data formats, operates in a hybrid mode (automatic recommendations with the possibility of manual redefinition) and does not require replacement of the existing infrastructure. The introduction of IAS reduces the reaction time to changes in hydrological conditions from several days to several hours, minimizes operational risks caused by manual input of information, and optimizes maintenance costs for fish protection facilities.

The Zagorskaya PSPP includes the lower and upper accumulating basins, pressure pipelines, station unit, reversible water intake and matching channel. The reversible water intake is solved according to the scheme of the riverbed building of the hydroelectric power plant, i.e. directly perceives the water pressure of the upper basin Signicant tensile stresses in the reinforcement of the foundation slab of the water intake were recorded, in particular, in the reinforcement located along the low at the lower edge of the foundation slab (seam № 5-№ 6), crossing the lower inter-block seam, the stresses exceeded the yield point. This work is devoted to the development and justication of technical solutions that do not require radical changes in the design of the water intake, but rather aim to change the stress-strain state of the foundation slab and reduce the tensile stresses in the reinforcement to the permissible level. The article presents the results of numerical modeling of the stress-strain state of the water intake of the Zagorsk PSPP.

The article discusses the existence of a correlation between the elements of the water balance of the Volga River basin in the area of the Volgograd Hydroelectric Complex. The research shows that there are stable correlations (greater than 0.7) between the volume of river flow that reaches the Volgograd Hydroelectric Complex throughout the year and in different seasons (during flood and low-water periods), and the climatic parameters that determine it. These parameters include precipitation, evaporation, the difference between precipitation and evaporation (effective precipitation), and the temperature of the underlying surface. The existence of long-term time series for the components of the water balance (observed and calculated) has allowed for the identification and development of systems of equations for estimating the inflow of river water from the Volga River basin in the area of formation at the Volgograd Hydroelectric Complex under changing global and, consequently, regional climate conditions. The results show a good fit between the statistical parameters. 

The purpose of this work is to analyze the factors that determine the error in measuring water flow using flow meters with constrictive devices (diaphragms and measuring weirs) in open streams of incompressible liquid, which are used in land reclamation systems and hydraulic structures, with a special focus on the influence of boundary operating conditions (the flooding regime of the downstream, the approach flow velocity, and the geometric parameters of the channels). The article analyzes the structure of the calibration characteristic derived from the Bernoulli equation and the continuity equation, and evaluates the impact of various assumptions made in its derivation. It considers thin-walled weirs, various-shaped weir thresholds, slot weirs, Venturi trays, and Parshall trays. The article emphasizes that, unlike for pressure pipelines, the metrological justification of errors is insufficient for open-flow constrictions. Special attention is paid to the inadmissibility of working in a flooded mode, which introduces significant additional errors that make it impossible to achieve the required accuracy of measurements (0.25-1.0%). It is shown that the use of empirical correction factors to account for the influence of flooding is unjustified due to the complexity of reproducing the multifactorial conditions of the downstream junction. It is concluded that the main way to improve the accuracy of flow meters is to use more advanced measuring instruments, use of damping devices, and strict control of the boundary operating conditions.

The goal of the work was to develop a methodology for forecasting the water inflow to the cascade of reservoirs of the Kamenushka River for the cold part of the year. The study used spectral analysis and low-frequency filtering of time series. Long-term fluctuations in water inflow contain a positive trend and a 12-year cyclicity. The hypothesis was accepted that the fluctuations of the studied characteristic correspond to the model of a complex Markov chain. In order to take into account climatic non-stationarity, the sliding regression method was used. The inflow for October and the Tropical North Atlantic Atmospheric Circulation Index served as predictors. The resulting satisfactory methodology for long-term forecasting of water inflow to the cascade of reservoirs of the Kamenushka River for November-March has a forecast accuracy of 78.7%, the ratio of the root-mean-square error of forecasts to the standard deviation of the forecast series is 0.67. The proposed forecasts will be useful in regulating the flow of the Kamenushka River.

In today’s world, cities with a million inhabitants are centers of attraction for residents of different regions or even countries for a variety of reasons. One of these reasons is the availability of various cultural institutions, industrial enterprises, educational institutions, research institutes and recreational facilities. On every vacant plot of land a new residential complex or shopping center is built, but this is often to the detriment of green spaces, without which the formation of a comfortable urban environment is impossible. These characteristics also apply to the capital of the central Chernozem region, the city of Voronezh. The territory of the municipal budget cultural institution «City Palace of Culture», located in the Kominternovsky district of the city, was chosen as the object of research. This facility has a half-century history and throughout all the years of its existence has been and remains a popular holiday destination for people of different age groups, however, its territory does not meet the relevant requirements and does not meet the needs of vacationers. The purpose of this work is to create a comfortable urban environment and the level of improvement of existing public territories by developing a concept for the improvement of the territory of the municipal budget equipment of culture «City Palace of Culture».

The research goal was to study the analysis of the influence of the pyrogenic factor on the distribution of thermal energy in the soil profile under the forest phytocenoses of pine forests growing in the dry-steppe zone of the Altai Region. The relevance of the work is due to the need to study post-pyrogenic changes in the functioning of forest ecosystems for the subsequent development of effective reforestation measures. The aim of the work was to establish patterns of heat flux dynamics in the burning soil and compare them with the corresponding parameters of the control area of the forest untouched by the 􀃀re. In the course of the study, heat flows were measured in sod-podzol soil on various elements of the mesorelief (slopes of the northern and southern exposures, peaks and lowlands of hills) at the burning site and at the control site in the spring, summer and autumn periods. During the research, electronic soil thermometers with special probes were used to measure temperature and then calculate heat flows using a standard technique. The study revealed a noticeable effect of the pyrogenic factor on the thermal regime of the soil, due to changes in its physical properties (albedo, thermal conductivity, heat capacity) and the absence of vegetation performing a heat-insulating function. The results showed that there was a higher amplitude of daily fluctuations in heat flows in the burning area compared to the control area, which indicates a more intensive heat exchange. A pronounced dependence of the magnitude of heat flows on the exposure of the mesorelief was found: the lowlands and peaks of the hills were characterized by the greatest absorption of thermal energy. However, due to the more intense heat absorption and release, the average daily values of the heat flux in the 0-20 cm layer on the burning were lower than in the control at the end of April and in June. Only in September, the average daily heat flows in the burning area were higher than in the control area. In summer, a decrease in the numerical values of the average daily soil heat fluxs was noted, which is most likely due to the desiccation of the soil and a decrease in its heat capacity. The revealed differences in heat input to the soil between burning and control sites and the effect of slope exposure on heat energy distribution may be useful in developing optimal reforestation strategies in a dry-steppe climate.

The settlements of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are located in extremely difficult climatic conditions. To improve the quality of life of the population, much attention is paid to street landscaping as a necessary component of the city’s green infrastructure. The purpose of this work is to identify the features of the existing system of linear landscaping facilities in Tarko Sale, compliance with standards and the development of proposals to enhance their functions. Based on a tree inventory of plantings on the streets of the city, including the determination of species composition, mapping of each specimen and description of its morphological characteristics, it was found that the city of Tarko Sale has the basis for creating a linear component of the green infrastructure of the city. For its filling and full functioning, it is necessary to plant about two thousand trees on the streets.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the current distribution of birch areas and reserves in Kazakhstan by region, characterize the diversity of indigenous species, and develop proposals for increasing the area of birch plantations. The article discusses the distribution of birch forests in Kazakhstan and their importance for the country’s forest resources. As of 2023, birch stands cover 1,030.9 thousand hectares, accounting for 7.5% of the total forest fund, with a standing timber volume of 89.3 thousand m³. A comparative analysis indicates a 285.5 – thousand hectare increase in birch forest area over a period exceeding 70 years. This study uses the Republican State Enterprise «Zhasyl Aimak» as a case study. Located in the feather grass-fescue steppe of Northern Kazakhstan, this site demonstrates that establishing forest cultures is one of the most effective methods for expanding birch areas. Specifically, between 2008 and 2021, the area of birch stands within this enterprise increased from 656.0 to 6,147.2 hectares, representing a growth of 837%. Consequently, the share of birch forests reached 16.5% of the total area occupied by major forest-forming species. The average site class for birch stands was found to be I.6, compared to II.4 for other major species. Birch stands exhibit high resilience and productivity, with an average growing stock of 267 m³/ha at the age of 46 years. The study analyzes regional disparities in birch distribution, noting the highest concentration in the northern parts of the country. An overview of birch species native to Kazakhstan is provided, highlighting their specific diversity across different regions. The prospects of introducing new birch species to enhance biodiversity, improve ecosystem functions, and mitigate anthropogenic pressure are discussed. The article underscores the importance of birch forests as a valuable resource for the timber industry and ecology, as well as their critical role in meeting the population’s recreational needs.

The purpose of the study is to develop a concept for creating an accessible environment in church territories for people with limited mobility, using the example of the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa in the village of Khvoshchevatka in the Voronezh Region. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach that includes field research, normative analysis, SWOT analysis, and design using universal design principles. The study results in the development of practical recommendations and four planning solutions that have been analyzed from the perspectives of inclusivity, environmental sustainability, and integration into the historical and cultural context. The developed concept demonstrates the possibility of transforming the temple territory into an inclusive space that combines functionality, safety, and spiritual harmony.

Currently, numerous studies are focused on developing effective mechanisms for sustainable forest management, including those ensuring the conservation and restoration of forest and other green plantings in cases where damage is caused by various factors. However, the issues related to the assessment of damage to urban green plantings remain insufficiently studied, as the existing legislation and judicial practice in this area have not yet been subjected to comprehensive generalization and systematic scientific analysis. In this context, the present study formulates recommendations for establishing mechanisms to assess damage to green plantings in populated areas based on an analysis of the current legislation of the Russian Federation and judicial practice formed within the Russian Federation during the period from 2015 to 2024 years. The research findings may be applied in public administration to ensure the preservation of green plantings as an important component of the sustainable development of urbanized territories, including in the drafting of regulatory legal acts governing the procedure for assessing damage to green plantings.