The article discusses the results of experimental studies of factors influencing the occurrence of eutrophication of water bodies. The problem of surface water pollution became particularly relevant in the 20th century. This is mainly due to the development of industry and urban growth. The entry of huge amounts of pollutants into water bodies leads to the degradation of both individual components of the ecosystem and entire groups of water bodies. This, in turn, causes a reduction in freshwater supplies at the local and regional level. Since the middle of the 20th century, there has been a rapid increase in the number of eutrophicated reservoirs and the unsuitability of water for drip irrigation systems due to clogging of emitters associated with the development of algae and bacteria in surface irrigation sources. To clean drippers, chlorination is used by adding sodium hypochlorite in liquid form (NaOCl) or solid form of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) to irrigation water, which suppresses the development of algae, which negatively affects the soil and the products produced. The purpose of the study is to identify the influence of the degree of shading of the water surface on the growth and development of blue-green algae, as well as on the pH value, carbonate hardness and content of nutrients in water, and its further suitability for drip irrigation. As a result of the research, the dynamics of algae development was established depending on the degree of illumination of the water surface and changes in the content of biogenic elements in it.

The purpose of the work: – development of the concept of creating a digital copy of the infrastructure of the reclamation complex and a management model, taking into account the prediction of failure risks and the assistance of the management of functioning in case of emergency or emergency situations. The importance of accident-free functioning of the reclamation complex in the structure of risk-free agricultural activity is highlighted. The substantiation of the possibilities of eliminating the occurrence of emergency situations during the operation of the reclamation complex by introducing continuous monitoring of the condition of all systems using modern technologies is given. The relevance of the development of the concept of creating a digital copy of the infrastructure of the reclamation complex and a management model is substantiated, taking into account the prediction of failure risks and the help of operation management in case of emergency or emergency situations. The analysis of conceptual models has shown that the most informative and feasible should be a five-dimensional model of the digital image of an object with the inclusion of seamless data integration for autonomous process management. Seamless integration technology allows you to manage the process, reducing the time gap between expected and current operating conditions at the physical level. It is proposed to present the information module of the reclamation complex in the form of 3 blocks: a block for the construction of an object, a block for maintaining a working condition, and an operation block. A key indicator of the formation of a digital image is the scaling of data to identify limitations and problems in each period of the life cycle of a reclamation complex, highlighting the optimization function. A decision was made on the expediency of switching the notification system to an autonomous mode with the inclusion of automatic control components, as an example, an algorithm for monitoring the functioning of a component element of a reclamation complex, a shield gate, an algorithm for a typical digital twin model with a module for seamless integration of forecasting and detecting anomalies in the form of failure risks, security violations is presented, the occurrence of abnormal or emergency situations of the functioning of individual elements of the reclamation complex in real time throughout the entire service life of the systems.

The article presents the results of agroecological tests of varieties of various ecological and geographical origins in the conditions of the Ryazan region. The agro-climatic characteristics of the cultivation region are analyzed and the parameters of the varietal reaction to the conditions of moisture availability of the growing season are established. Over the past few decades, local climate warming has been recorded in the Ryazan region with an increase in the number of dry years. Over the years of research, temperature values exceeded the long-term average by 2‑6°C, the sum of active temperatures averaged 2400‑2600°C, the amount of precipitation during the growing season varied in the range of 255‑265 mm, while the value of the GTC averaged 0.7‑1.1. The duration of the growing season of the studied varieties in years with optimal moisture availability (GTC0.7‑1.4) was 95‑105 days, with a lack of moisture – 78‑95 days, with excessive moisture – 98‑125 days. The yield of soybeans is directly affected by moisture availability during the critical periods of budding – flowering – fruit formation. With an increase in temperature values and a decrease in the amount of precipitation, yields naturally decrease. The maximum yield of soybeans reaches at a temperature of 20‑24°C and precipitation of 100‑120 mm in the period R1–R6 (flowering – full filling of seeds). The most precocious soybean varieties were of the northern ecotype, followed by southern and Far Eastern varieties. The amount of precipitation that fell in July was critically significant for soybean varieties of the northern ecotype, the generative development and subsequent seed productivity of southern and Far Eastern varieties were significantly influenced by precipitation in August. The purpose of the research was to determine the reaction of soybean varieties of different ecological and geographical origin to the conditions of moisture supply in the Central Non-Black Earth Region. Thus, in order to reduce the risks of loss of potential yields in years different in agrometeorological conditions, it is recommended to fill the assortment with varieties of different ecological and geographical origin that are able to mature stably in the region, as well as under optimal agro-climatic conditions to ensure high yields and protein harvesting per unit area.

The purpose of the research is to find, predict and regulate the temperature and humidity regime of the soil for the conditions of radiant heating of cultivation facilities using dark-type ceiling infrared emitters. A system of differential equations (in dimensional and dimensionless forms) is presented, reflecting the relationship of thermal and mass transfer processes in colloidal capillary-porous bodies in the case of surface radiant heating. A particular analytical solution of this system of differential equations for an unbounded plate is considered, taking into account cross-processes: the movement of moisture in the soil layer due to temperature difference (thermodiffusion) and the transfer of water vapor energy in a porous medium due to the gradient of the moisture content field (parodiffusion process). On the example of milling peat, taking into account the initial data, the solution of the boundary value problem of heat and mass transfer is obtained by the method of joint application of the integral Laplace transform and the Bubnov-Galerkin variational method, which represents one-dimensional unsteady fields of moisture content and temperature. It is established that under the given initial and boundary conditions, as well as taking into account the thermophysical characteristics of milling peat, the required moisture content values will be achieved in five hours, the temperature in two hours. At the same time, if a regular decrease in moisture content occurs on the coordinate segment z ∈[6.0;12.0  ] cm under the influence of radiant heating, then a slight increase in this value is observed near the soil surface z ∈[0;6.0  ] cm. As for the temperature field of milling peat, there is a regular temperature stratification by the depth of the soil layer, without any temperature anomalies during the entire heating period.

One of the most effective and widespread irrigation methods in the central part of the Russian Federation is sprinkling, and the most common are wide-range circular sprinkler machines. The aim is to optimize the design and height parameters of sprinkler equipment, depending on the operating conditions and irrigated crops. The article considers the optimization of structural and height parameters, machine span lengths depending on the terrain and height of irrigated crops. Agrotechnical patency was assessed by the ratio of agricultural illumination to the height of plants on the most difficult terrain. The conducted studies show that in order to increase the efficiency of operation (reduce slipping and eliminate stopping), as well as eliminate plant jamming, the ratio of the value of agricultural illumination to plant height should be more than 0.7. The results of experimental studies and recommendations of optimal ratios of profile height, machine span, terrain slope and watered crops are presented. When operating on slopes of more than 0.08, the lifting height of the pipeline above the ground is 2.7 m with spans of 59.5 and 65 m is not sufficient, higher-profile models are needed. At the same time, the increase in the profile is limited by metal consumption and traction properties. The value is selected as the minimum possible while ensuring agro technical passability.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the causes of land desertification and find ways to curb the rate of desertification and restore previously desolate lands. Areas with a hot climate, minimal precipitation and strong winds are prone to desertification. The annual amount of precipitation does not exceed 200… 50 mm, and in some places they do not happen at all for several years. The soil layer in such territories is poorly developed, vegetation covers less than half of the earth’s surface, and in some cases is practically absent. Groundwater is usually mineralized. In territories with such natural conditions, soil degradation is observed, loss of its fertility, and biodiversity decreases, which ultimately leads to desertification of territories. The article presents the main causes of land degradation and its consequences. The main causes of land degradation and leading to desertification of territories have been identified. Ways to reduce the rate of degradation of agricultural lands and restore previously deserted territories are proposed.

The rationale for the effectiveness of the use of bioengineering technologies in the protection and development of small water bodies and the reclamation of coastal lands of the agro-industrial complex is given. For this purpose, full-scale and theoretical research methods were used for known and proprietary technologies for the construction of bank protection structures using biopositive elements from local and environmentally friendly artificial materials. The development of innovative designs for bank protection and protection of problem areas of the agro-industrial complex, including eroding coastal areas of small ponds, rivers and canals of small irrigation systems, is presented. A concept of environmentally friendly development of the coastal territories of a water body, including the water body itself, its floodplain areas and the adjacent catchment area, has been proposed and tested. Studies of various sections of small rivers conducted in recent years have shown that the use of biopositive and flexible designs of protective and regulatory structures and their elements provide not only reliable engineering protection of coastal zones, but also create favorable conditions for the restoration of green water protection zones. Over time, the constructed structures, overgrown with grass and shrubs, merge with the natural environment, turning into bioengineered structures.

The research was carried out to determine the operating conditions of the downstream fastenings behind the expanding stilling basin of the mine-tower spillway of the «16 Tishrin» hydroelectric complex in the Syrian Arab Republic. Calculations were made of permissible velocities that do not cause erosion, based on the average diameters of downstream soil particles and actual velocities measured in the laboratory on a fragmentary model of the fastening unit for the outlet section of a three-point closed spillway with a shaft inlet head at maximum operating flow and operation of the structure along the entire front. The problem of deformations and erosion in the downstream of the 16 Tishrin hydroelectric complex has already existed for many years, and no practical solution has yet been found, except that every two – three years the erosion pit is filled with soil with unstudied fraction sizes. Also, during the experiments, the operation of the stilling basin was assessed under different gate maneuvering schemes. Laboratory confirmation of the proposed practical solution to this problem, ensuring reliable and safe operation of the spillway structure and the entire dam as a whole, emphasizes the relevance of solving this problem for the water economy of the northwestern part of Syria.

The aim of the research is to assess the reasons for the degradation of irrigation reservoirs in the arid zone of the European Territory of the Russian Federation and to identify measures necessary for their rehabilitation and resumption of irrigation. Accordingly, the following problems are solved: identification and analysis of the main reasons for a significant reduction in the use of reservoirs for irrigation; assessment of changes in the conditions of functioning of irrigation reservoirs in the arid zone of the European Territory of the Russian Federation; justification of the need to restore irrigation from irrigation reservoirs; justification of the possibility of restoring irrigation from irrigation reservoirs. The research was carried out on the example of the Remontnenskoye reservoir, located in the semi-desert zone on the border of the Rostov region and the Republic of Kalmykia, according to the methodological approaches, which included both field measurements of water objects, statistical methods respect to the obtained data, and stochastic modeling of water use according to the developed rules for runoff regulation. Among the results of the work the established facts of climate warming and siltation of the reservoir with its corresponding shallowing, which leads to a significant increase in evaporation losses, are noted. The need for proper functioning of reservoirs is confirmed by the requirements of the declaration for safety of hydraulic structures and environmental requirements for managed water resources. The possibility of potential use of reservoirs for irrigation is confirmed by modeling results according to rational rules of water resources management.

The purpose of the work is to develop a methodology for modeling and predicting the state of a landslide based on the results of observations obtained in real time using an automated monitoring system including geotechnical and geodetic equipment (surface tilt meters, electric three-dimensional fracture meters, soil pressure sensors, inclinometers). The object of the study is the real data of the results of geotechnical monitoring during the work on the “Construction and reconstruction of retaining walls on the A‑147 Dzhubga- Sochi-border with the Republic of Abkhazia, Krasnodar Territory. On the section km 195+310 – km 196+985”. Traditional methods of studying monitoring results are limited to visualization of observations and calculation of descriptive characteristics, meanwhile, observations represent a time sequence that can be considered from the point of view of the theory of stochastic time series. The aim of the study was to identify patterns of landslide processes in order to update the data-based approach. The obtained results of the analysis of landslide slope monitoring data allow us to conclude that observations can be described by models of multidimensional time series (autoregressive, moving average, moving average autoregression, pro-integrated moving average autoregression and vector regression), which can be used to predict the development of landslides and quantify risk.

The purpose of the work- is to study the channel of the Chegem River to assess the possibility of channel mining of alluvial rocks taking into account the hydrological, channel regime and to determine the permissible volumes of sand and gravel mining with minimal negative impact on the natural complex. In order to solve the set tasks, in May 2023, field surveys of the Chegem River bed, downstream of Chegem Vtoroy settlement, were conducted. The survey results, available information on the topic under study and archival materials on hydrological and geomorphological characteristics of the Chegem River were analyzed. Calculations were made to determine the morphometric and hydrological parameters of the Chegem River, including the water discharge of a 1% rainfall flood, as well as the volume of solid runoff of the river bed in the area of the channel quarry. It was found that the volume of average annual solid runoff in the Chegem River channel depends on the flood regime. Based on the results of the study calculated the average annual allowable amount of sand and gravel extraction depending on the flood regime to minimize the negative impact on the river channel processes. It is concluded that it is necessary to conduct periodic monitoring in order to obtain relevant hydromorphometric data on the state of the Chegem River.

Vortex pumps are an integral part of various industries of chemical, oil and gas, nuclear thermal power, marine, agricultural, including water supply. This article discusses the design of vortex pumps, as well as the relationship between kinetic and energy parameters during their operation. Despite significant scientific achievements in the development of various pump designs of this type, there are disagreements in scientific and practical activities in explaining the basic principles of their operation, which is the subject of our research. This article describes in detail the principles of operation of a vortex pump and discusses general aspects of the theory of its working process. The ways of transferring the energy of the wheel of a liquid moving in the working channel of a vortex pump are considered. The article presents the energy dependences for the movement of liquid in the working cavities of the pump. A relation is obtained that shows that the increase in pressure in the lateral channel is determined only by the energy losses in the fluid stream and a criterion is derived that associates the beneficial effect of the pump with the energy losses.

Natural reforestation is one of the important biological processes. Data on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of natural regeneration in areas undisturbed by economic activity act as a control option for monitoring succession processes in forest stands affected earlier by felling. The purpose of the study is to study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of natural regeneration in the stands of the core of the Kologrivsky Forest nature reserve. To study natural regeneration, 11 permanent trial plots were used, laid in the Kologrivsky Forest natural monument in 1981‑1984 and restored in 2014‑2019. According to surveys of trial plots in the core of the Kologrivsky Forest nature reserve, it was revealed that almost all of them are dominated by spruce undergrowth. Also, the layer of the young forest generation is formed by such species as Norway maple (Acer platanoides), small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata), white birch (Betula pubescens) and silver birch (B. pendula), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica), Scots elm (Ulmus glabra). Aspen (Populus tremula) is found in the form of single plants, as unfavorable conditions develop for it under the forest canopy. In old-growth spruce forests, the young generation of the forest has mainly a group distribution and is confined to places where overmature trees fall from the upper canopy. On average, for all trial plots, the share of small undergrowth is 64%, medium – 24% and large – 12%. On all considered trial plots, more than 80% of undergrowth is viable. The main share of doubtful and non-viable undergrowth belongs to spruce.

The aim of the research was to assess changes in the main taxation indicators of artificial pine stands growing on the reclaimed ash dump No 1 of Reftinskaya GRES (SDPS- State District Power Station). The study area belongs to the district of preforest-steppe pine-birch forests of the Trans-Ural plain province of the West Siberian lowland forest region. The studies were carried out on sample plots (PTP). The dynamics of forest stand inventory indicators for the period from 2011 to 2021 on six sample plots is analyzed. It has been established that pine plantations on the ash dump are characterized by bonitets from Ia to II. The stock of forest stands of 31 years of age reaches 290 m3 /ha, with an average annual growth of 9.4 m3 /ha. The maximum increase in height for the period from 2011 to 2021 is characterized by stands of 1999 and 2005 years of planting, in diameter of 1992 and 2005, and in terms of stock of 1992 and 1999 years of planting. The minimum value of growth in terms of stock is typical for PTP‑3 (1997 planting year) and is explained by strong intraspecific struggle with high stand density.

The aroma of 324 varieties of roses of garden groups was evaluated: hybrid tea (Hybrid Tea), floribunda (Floribunda), miniature (Miniature), shrub (Shrub), climbing large-flowered (Large-Flowered Climber) in the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. It was revealed that 36 varieties of hybrid tea roses, 11 varieties of floribunda roses, 3 varieties of miniature roses, 18 varieties of shrubs, 6 varieties of large-flowered climbing roses have a pronounced aroma. 90 varieties of hybrid tea roses, 12 varieties of floribunda roses, 7 varieties of miniature roses, 2 varieties of shrub roses, 10 varieties of large-flowered climbing roses have a medium pronounced aroma. The aroma is weakly expressed or absent in 38 varieties of hybrid tea roses, 46 varieties of floribunda roses, 30 varieties of miniature roses, 11 varieties of shrub roses, 4 varieties of large-flowered climbing roses. The perception and description of the aroma is different for each variety, it can resemble several types of aroma of flowering and non-flowering plants. It was found that the air temperature at the stage of budding and flowering, the time of day, humidity – all this can radically affect the aroma. The strongest aroma is observed in the morning hours from 9 am to 11 am. Fragrant garden roses can be used not only in ornamental gardening, but also be part of aromatherapy zones. Varieties of tested garden groups, which received 2 and 3 points on the basis of aroma, are recommended by us for the creation of phyto zones of natural aromatherapy in parks, which are used as part of health complexes, private gardens, sanatoriums and boarding houses for various purposes in the North Caucasus Federal District.

The purpose of the research is to study the biological characteristics, distribution area, and the possibility of using 18 species of the family of Clear-cut flowers in landscaping. The study of biological features and distribution areas of plant species is one of the fundamental elements of successful plant introduction and study. The conditions of the Stavropol upland belong to the zone of unstable humidification of the Stavropol Territory, are characterized by a temperate continental climate, the altitude above sea level is 640 m., the absolute temperature minimum is –31°C, the absolute maximum temperature is + 39.7°C. The frost-free period is 180…190 days. In the study of 18 species of the Labiatae family, the range of their distribution of species was described according to literary data, regular observations were carried out and their ecological and biological plasticity and peculiarities of cultivation were studied. The distribution range of the studied species is quite wide – most are found throughout the European part, in the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, and Central Asia of the Asian part of the continent. Most species are represented by winter-green herbaceous perennials, as well as biennials – Sage nutmeg, herbaceous perennials – Motherwort cordial, dwarf semishrub – Thyme Marshall, Thyme creeping, Thyme ordinary, half-shrub – Hyssop officinal, evergreen shrubs – Spicate lavender, Sage garden. All plants are responsive to watering, tolerate drought, suitable for growing in the light, the Hyssop officinal, Melissa medicinal, Catnip musina, Baikal scullcap, Motherwort cordial tolerate partial shade. All species are propagated by seeds (except peppermint), most by bush division and cuttings. Pests and diseases are slightly affected. The conducted research allows us to recommend plants for use not only for medicinal purposes, but also for use in landscaping in various techniques and styles. Their ability to enrich the air with essential oils, that suppress pathogenic microflora will significantly improve the quality of human life in overpopulated cities.

The purpose of the work is to develop proposals for the preservation of unique pine plantations growing in the Gilevskaya Roshcha Park based on the analysis of their current state. The data of the analysis of the current state of pine stands in the park “Gilyovskaya Roshcha” of the city of Tyumen, obtained taking into account the sanitary condition, the presence of damage to trees and their relative vital condition, are presented. According to the analyzed indicators, the condition of pine forests on all temporary sample plots is assessed as weakened. Data have been obtained that increased recreational impact leads to a decrease in the number of healthy trees and an increase in the proportion of severely weakened and dying trees. The smallest diameters and volume indicators are characterized by severely weakened and drying trees. It has been established that mechanical damage, as well as tar flow, are most common in trees. The dependence of a threefold increase in mechanical damage on tree trunks growing in the zone of active visits compared to the zone of low visits was recorded. The decrease in the vital condition of pine stands in the Gilevskaya Roshcha Park is significantly influenced by the age by which the stands are characterized as overmature. This process is aggravated by the fact of long-term use of these plantations for recreation purposes – more than 50 years. To prevent the degradation of plantations in the Gilev Roshcha Park, as well as to increase the stability of pine forests, a number of forestry measures have been proposed, in particular, the removal of weakened trees lagging behind in the growth of potential falloff, as well as damaged, emergency and aesthetically unattractive trees in the process of landscape felling. The use of tree introductions for the expansion of biological diversity and the implementation of measures to limit the movement of recreationists, in particular, the creation of plantings of shrubs along the path network, deserve attention.

The purpose of the study is to summarize the results of the introduction, to select the most stable and highly decorative shrubs to expand the assortment in landscape gardening in the Stavropol territory. The object of research was a collection of ornamental shrubs, numbering 255 taxa, cultivated in the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The following genera are represented by a significant number of species and varieties: Berberis L., Hydrangea L., Spiraea L., Weigela Thunb. As a result of the introduction test, an assortment of species and varieties with high decorative qualities and adaptive capabilities was identified for practical use in new conditions. The characteristics of decorative qualities, flowering periods and the period of general decorativeness in the soil and climatic conditions of the Stavropol Upland are given. According to the variety of decorative features, the assortment is divided into beautifully flowering, decorative deciduous and beautifully fruiting shrubs. The basis of the collection is made up of beautifully flowering shrubs that play an important role in landscape gardening compositions. Attracting garden forms with original colors of leaves and fruits makes it possible to increase the overall decorative effect of the composition for a longer period. In the collection, 32% of the total composition is occupied by decorative deciduous shrubs. Over a long period of introduction, about 100 highly decorative and locally resistant species and varieties of ornamental shrubs were selected and successfully introduced into landscape gardening in the Stavropol region. The range of resistant, ornamental shrubs in the region is expanding through the selection of its own varieties. Two decorative deciduous varieties of Thunberg barberry “Ruslan” and “Styopka”, bred by the Stavropol Botanical Garden, were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements.