The article considers one of the key problems that arise in the development and justification of the ecological and economic efficiency of investment projects in the field of agricultural land reclamation, the problem of optimizing the reclamation regime of agricultural landscapes.
Based on the results of research in this area, the shortcomings of existing approaches to the justification of reclamation regimes have been identified, the essence of which is the lack of mechanisms for taking into account changes in the system of indicators of the reclamation regime in the process of implementing a set of reclamation measures and assessing the environmental and economic effects and damages from land reclamation. Based on the analysis and generalization of scientific literature materials and research conducted by the authors on this issue, proposals have been developed and substantiated for the development of methodological approaches to optimizing the reclamation regimes of reclaimed lands, consisting in the development of: additional requirements characterizing the ecological state of components of agricultural landscapes and the natural environment as a whole; a system of models that allows describing the interaction of components of biological and geological cycles, to identify changes in the indicators of the reclamation regime and to assess the socio-economic results, ecological and economic effects and damages in the implementation of complex reclamation, ensuring the optimal reclamation regime of agricultural landscapes, environmental and food security of Russia. The proposed approach was tested on the example of the forest-steppe natural and climatic zone of the Central Federal District in substantiating the effectiveness of a complex of reclamation measures that ensure the optimal reclamation regime of the agricultural landscape. The research results can be used in the development of reclamation investment projects.

The purpose of the study is to develop a constructive solution for choosing priority objects of repair and restoration works using artificial intelligence methods in conditions of limited budget financing of operational measures of irrigation systems. The paper uses methods of system analysis and mathematical modeling, including binary variables for discrete optimization using evolutionary genetic programming methods. Based on the analysis of management decision support by means of mathematical support, the use of optimization methods for predicted impacts is justified, including the choice of discrete options to increase the functionality and effectiveness of planned technical operation measures. The allocation of limited financial resources is carried out on the model of multi-criteria optimization, including minimizing irrigation water losses, while increasing the area of irrigated land and increasing the financial indicators of the water management organization, which improves the quality of management impacts. The practical significance of research is determined by the development of innovative tools to solve the problem of allocating limited resources for carrying out repair and restoration work of the municipal water management complex using artificial intelligence methods. The approbation of the proposed solutions, carried out on the materials of the operation service of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Crimea “Crimean Department of Water Management and Melioration”, proved the expediency of large-scale implementation of methods for quantitative assessment of management decisions. The technical and economic indicators of the planned activities correspond to the expected values and ensure the fulfillment of the following requirements: completeness, ensuring that they provide the necessary and sufficient information for decision-making; availability of reliable sources of reliable and accessible data for the information content of indicators and criteria.

The purpose of the work is to apply existing methodological approaches to assessing the negative impact of drainage water on a water body, to establish the dynamics of concentrations of substances in the area from the place of discharge of wastewater/ drainage water to the control gate. The object of the study was a collector diverting drainage runoff into the Don River. The problem under study is especially relevant in connection with the ongoing measures to prevent degradation of a water body in accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 07.21.2021 № 2012-r. The concentrations of substances in the most polluted jet in the area from the place of discharge of wastewater/drainage water to the control gate (l = 500 m) were calculated using the example of a collector diverting drainage runoff into the Don River. It is shown that if the concentration of a substance in the background is equal to or below the maximum permissible concentration, then when drainage water are discharged with excess of the standard concentrations of substances and their subsequent dilution by the flow rate of the river with its multiple excess over the flow rate of drainage water (q/Q = 0,0002), the maximum permissible concentration can be reached in the control range, or the actual concentration exceeds the standard is 1,2 – 2 times lower than that for the outlet. Accordingly, it is recommended that, when determining the amount of damage caused to a water body from the discharge of drainage water, be guided by the actual concentrations in the control range, and not in the drainage water discharge range.

This article examines the most common types of natural fires in the Russian Federation, a country with some of the largest peat deposits on the planet, and the reasons for their occurrence. This type of fire causes enormous direct and indirect economic, socio-ecological damage, and indirect damage significantly exceeds direct damage and is distributed over time. The object of the study is drained peat soils and mined-out deposits suitable for crop production. The main reason for the use of peat deposits located in most of the territory of the Russian Federation as agricultural land is highlighted. The agrochemical characteristics of various peat soils are presented, which show that peat has high fertility and is of interest for growing crops. The purpose of the experimental studies was to determine the time before spontaneous combustion of selected peat samples at their natural density. The results of experimental studies of the ability of peat soil to spontaneously ignite depending on its degree of decomposition and bulk density are presented. As a result of the study, the degree of decomposition and ash content of peat samples were determined. The dependence of changes in the volumetric density of peat under natural conditions depending on the degree of decomposition and the dynamics of the heating process of the thermophysical center and the surface of peat samples are presented. It has been determined that the process of destruction of drained peat soils has a clear tendency of rapid growth.

For the considered hydrogeological conditions of the Kulikovo Pole museum complex, located in the Kimovsky district of the Tula region, there is no necessary design of the drainage system, the method of its construction and the calculation method to ensure the drainage of groundwater from the basement. A vertical drainage design and calculation method necessary for the normal operation of the Kulikovo Pole museum complex were proposed. The purpose of the work is to develop a drainage design and substantiate a method for calculating the drainage of deep basements using the example of the Kulikovo Pole museum complex. The proposed design of vertical drainage makes it possible to increase the reliability of the drainage system due to the installation of a filter bed and a geotextile winding. The calculation of the proposed vertical drainage design consists of determining the following positions: the radius of the depression curve (the influence of drainage away from the basement of the building); drainage flow rate; water inflow into the drain; reducing the pressure in the middle between the row drains, selecting vertical drainage pumps. The proposed drainage design, the method of its construction (a patent for the invention was received) and the calculation method were tested when draining the deep basements of the Kulikovo Pole museum complex. The created system drains excess groundwater and eliminates the “barrage” effect. It is noted that the construction of drainage systems currently underway requires careful consideration of the experience of design and operation of drainage systems of the previous period and the use of new promising, cost-effective solutions.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of biomeliorants on soil electrical conductivity and salinity under the arid conditions of the Syrian Arab Republic. Field experiments were conducted using compost, biopreparations based on Bacillus bacteria, and their combination. Electrical conductivity was measured at four depths: 0-25 cm, 26-50 cm, 51-75 cm and 76-100 cm. The methodology included the use of graphite electrode cells and a conductometer calibrated with standard potassium chloride (KCl) solutions. Soil samples were collected from various depths, dried at 105°C, sieved through a 2 mm sieve, mixed with distilled water in a 1:2 ratio, stirred, and left for 24 hours. Three measurements of electrical conductivity were then taken for each sample. The results showed a significant reduction in soil electrical conductivity with the application of biomeliоrants particularly at the 0-25 cm depth. Two-factor ANOVA and Tukey’s test confirmed statistically significant differences between the experimental treatments.
The combination of compost and biopreparations demonstrated the greatest effectiveness in reducing electrical conductivity. These findings indicate the high efficiency of biomeliorants in improving soil conditions and reducing salinity, which is crucial for sustainable agriculture in arid regions. The introduction of biomeliorants helped reduce the content of soluble salts and improve soil structure, ultimately leading to increased crop yields.

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the stability of slopes of reclamation channels. Experimental studies were carried out on the Grand Channel of the Laboratory of Sprinkler Machines and Hydraulic Drive of the Department of Organization and Technologies of Irrigation and Reclamation and Construction Works of the Institute of Land Reclamation, Water Management and Construction named after A.N. Kostyakov. The work of the reclamation drainage system is accompanied by the appearance of sediments, siltation of herbaceous and shrubby vegetation at the bottom and slopes of the channel. For the normal functioning of the reclamation drainage system, it is necessary to maintain the design dimensions of the channels during the entire period of their operation. To clean drainage channels, special channel cleaning machines of periodic or continuous action on caterpillar or pneumatic wheels are used, and general construction excavators with widened buckets are also often used. The operation of all these machines with a large operating weight has a peculiarity, which consists in their movement in the process of cleaning along the channel along the berm sections close to the edge. Such a situation can lead to a violation of the stability of the slopes, which in turn disrupts the capacity of the channel bed and its design geometric dimensions. The study of slope instability from the loads of channel cleaning machines allows you to correctly design the channel section and form a cleaning technology.

This article discusses the issue of operational damage to concrete and reinforced concrete bridge structures. The purpose of the study is to determine the safety level of the operated engineering structures of the bridge as part of a hydraulic structure. Using the example of work on the technical condition survey, the stability of reinforced concrete structures of the lock bridge No. 11 of Perervinsky hydroelectric complex of the Moscow Canal is calculated. The results of the technical condition survey and safety assessment of the bridge as part of the lock are presented. The data obtained made it possible to determine the safety level of the operated engineering structures based on the establishment of the category of technical condition.

The purpose of the research is to prepare and recommend the implementation of a number of technical solutions for the construction of bioengineered systems for small irrigation systems of surface irrigation along furrows using new environmental techniques of land reclamation. Hydraulic elements and lands of reclamation systems, which are eroded for a number of reasons, must be reliably protected from erosion. As part of the project “Improving the methods of engineering and reclamation of small water bodies of the agro-industrial complex”, bioengineering systems and technologies for protecting not only the coastal areas of small rivers and ponds, under-river water intakes, but also the canals of small surface irrigation systems along furrows were developed and tested under natural conditions using new environmental protection techniques for land reclamation. Biopositive designs are made of local and environmentally friendly man-made materials. Mixed structures contain: gabion mattresses; geomats; metal gratings; geogrids filled with crushed stone; flexible pipelines and other natural and nature-like components. It is noted that the introduction and use of biopositive structures of the developed structures for supplying water for irrigation in reclamation systems of the foothill zones of the North Caucasus Federal District leads to an increase in the economic effect by approximately 2 times and a reduction in the cost of supplied water by more than 40%.

The purpose of the article is to calculate the volume of sand material required for coastal protection of the eroded section of the shore of the Baltic Spit (South-Eastern Baltic, Kaliningrad Oblast), discuss possible sources of sand material and compare the positive and negative aspects of their use. A scheme of the best effective planned protection structure and the current state of the already installed coast protection fragments are presented. The area and volume of alluvium needed to complete the protection were assessed using GIS tools. It was found that the implementation of a comprehensive coastal protection project requires from 100 thousand to 200 thousand m3 of sand material. As sources of material, the along-beach bypassing was considered, as well as the use of extra material – either material from dredging the Kaliningrad Sea Canal, or the sea bottom sediments of the near-inlet surge delta in the Vistula Lagoon. Along-beach bypass and the use of surge delta material are the cheapest and most expensive methods, respectively, and both require a special assessment of the consequences of their use. The use of dredging material (or rather, the changing the area of its discharge) may turn out to be the most optimal, because the entire process for dredging and dumping of the material into the marine environment has already been established technically and legally, but it will require serious investments in organizing a refill station. In principle, any approach with the addition of sandy material from external sources to the alongshore transport system is most attractive due to the sustainability of this coastal protection solution.

The Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrug – Ugra is characterized by dangerous hydrological phenomena accompanied by impact on the territory of settlements. Moreover, the creation of effective engineering protection of territories prone to flooding and destruction of the coastline becomes an urgent issue. The purpose of the study: to analyze the state of water protection structures in the settlements of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrug – Yugra. The result of the study was an update of information on the availability and state of the system for protecting settlements from hydrological hazards. The need to protect the population and territories from the negative impact of water for 150 settlements was revealed. At the same time, a significant part of settlements is recorded that are not properly provided with water protection facilities: in 44 settlements there are no flood control dams, and in 32 there are no engineering structures for the protection of the coastline. The need for the construction and reconstruction of flood control dams on the total length of 57328 linear meters and bank protection structures (36978 linear meters) was identified.

The purpose of the research is to solve the problem of delivering sunken timber to processors while maintaining the quality of wood in shallow depths. When rafting logs in bulk, a huge number sank. Their raising was carried out mainly at sites where deposits were concentrated, as a rule, on large rivers. The bulk of the timber rafting routes were along numerous small rivers. Clearing these rivers of sunken timber is largely hampered by the problem of delivering it to processors while maintaining wood quality in conditions of low flow depth. Solving this problem is the goal of this work. The methodological basis for solving problems to achieve the set goal was the provisions of hydrostatics and the branch of knowledge related to water transport of timber. As a result of the work performed, a device design has been proposed that ensures transportation of timber raised from the bottom during the cleaning of small rivers under the surface of the water, which prevents the rapid deterioration of their quality.
The collapsible structure consists of parallel pontoons connected at the ends by transverse beams and at the bottom by intermediate flexible connections. Analytically, mathematical dependencies were obtained that connect the parameters of the proposed device and the characteristics of logs raised from the bottom. Based on these dependencies, a methodology and recommendations for substantiating these parameters have been developed. The information provided makes it possible to manufacture the proposed device with a preliminary justification of its parameters corresponding to local conditions, thereby helping to clear small rivers of sunken timber and preserve their quality during transportation.

The rules for the use of reservoir water resources need to be constantly updated, considering a significant number of factors affecting the effectiveness of management. Anthropogenic changes in morphometric functions, partial siltation of dead volume, and changes in basic hydrological characteristics have a significant impact on reservoir parameters and flow regulation regime. Justification of the regulatory regime remains an urgent and traditionally difficult engineering task of the IRP, discussed at professional meetings and in scientific publications. The article discusses a methodological approach based on the introduction of a given control algorithm into the process of assigning an interval request to the reservoir. In this case, the request is formulated as a two-parameter power function of the predicted resource for the estimated time interval (month). The degree indicator and the relative length of the range of uninterrupted water requirements coverage are the arguments of the query function. Nomograms illustrating the influence of the degree indicator on the outline of the dependence of requirements on the reservoir are constructed. In our opinion, this approach significantly reduces the Pareto set, excluding a significant part of the set of formal optima. The algorithm of the proposed model is focused on two-criteria optimization, where the relative values of the total annual water output and the sum of the relative interval ordinates of water consumption are considered as criteria. The unified functional is formed by linear convolution of criteria. The model was tested on the example of the resources of the Zhizdra River for a series of two low-water years. In the process of balance modeling and optimization, Excel tools are used, including “solution search” and VBA procedures. It is noted that it is necessary to use more powerful optimization algorithms for calculations based on multiyear hydrological series.

The paper investigates the possibility of solving the inverse problem using artificial neural networks. To demonstrate the approach, an example is considered consisting of an analytical model of the transfer of pollutants from a point source to a stationary flow field. The model was used to model the behavior of groundwater systems at different values of the dispersion coefficient. Next, a set of controlled multilayer neural networks of direct propagation was trained to evaluate, determine, and select a parameter corresponding to given concentration histories. The results obtained in the work showed satisfactory accuracy of neural network estimates, which confirms the stability of the approach to data analysis in field experiments. When training four artificial neural networks of a controlled, multilayer and direct type, it was found that each of them specialized in a wide range of values. This led to more accurate predictions compared to the case of training a single network over the entire range of values. In addition, the paper shows the ability of a neural network to identify the dispersion parameter at a given concentration under the influence of “noise”. An analysis of the topologies of the applied neural networks has established that the presence of 10 hidden nodes is sufficient to ensure a satisfactory level of calculation accuracy.

The long-term experience of studying the problem of developing criteria for assessing the suitability of forest plots for the creation of forest plantations is summarized, which was the purpose of the research. The objects of research include forest plots for the creation of forest plantations located in the forest areas of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD); soils, snow cover, light regime, temperature, water bodies within the borders of the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation; reclaimed areas; seedlings and cuttings of larch, etc. coniferous and deciduous species; natural and climatic factors. The research methods used are the matapparat, geoinformation systems and remote sensing of the Earth. The application of the research method for obtaining information about an object or phenomenon without direct physical contact with it made it possible to identify disturbed lands using multispectral combined images and calculate the NDVI image index. A low NDVI index was found in the studied area (from 0.034 to 0.063), indicating weak reforestation. Based on these limiting factors, taking into account the regional natural and climatic characteristics of the Far Eastern Federal District, a detailed differentiation of criteria for assessing the suitability of forest plots from a minimum (1) to a maximum (5) value is proposed by summing up their estimated indicator. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, the possibility of successful cultivation of plantation forests with the use of biostimulants has been proved.

The forest is an important human habitat. Monitoring forestry is essential to sustain life on Earth. Monitoring can be carried out using both Earth remote sensing methods and ground-based survey methods. The purpose of this article is to describe a methodology for studying the possibility of using mobile laser scanners to form a three-dimensional measurement scene on a circular test area of constant radius. The latter contains digital models of the terrain within its borders. A three-dimensional measurement scene is the optimal basis for constructing a digital twin of a forest ecosystem. Specialists are usually forced to count trees manually. Laser scanners allow not only to increase the accuracy of determining taxation characteristics, but also to generate cartographic materials, such as a tree plan. One of the trial areas with a pure pine plantation in the Bryansk region was chosen as the study area. To improve accuracy, the survey was carried out three times. Tree recognition and cataloging was then carried out. The measurement results were imported into a geographic information system, which made it possible to produce a tree-by-tree plan using standard geographic information modeling tools. As a result of the study, a technique was developed for generating a three-dimensional measuring scene of circular test plots of constant radius to solve problems in the forestry sector using a mobile laser scanner.

The purpose of the study is to automate the process of creating forest cultures. The object of the research is the design and technical solution of an autonomous reforestation robot for planting seedlings of coniferous forest crops (pine, spruce). Land degradation and desertification is a significant problem for ensuring food security in the Russian Federation. More than 100 million hectares of agricultural land are at risk of loss of fertility due to large-scale degradation and desertification. The lack of qualified personnel and low-productivity manual labor do not allow for the most effective use of the tight deadlines for reforestation work. At present, there is an urgent need for advanced developments in the field of technical and economic aspects of forest culture. All known serial models of reforestation machines use the manual labor of the operator to feed seedlings to the working bodies of the device for further planting in the ground in the direction of the machine. In this regard, the productivity of these complexes directly depends on and is limited by the personal skills of the operator. The use of an autonomous unmanned robot, such as the Svyatobor complex being developed, will eliminate the human factor, standardize the quality of planting seedlings, and use the terms of reforestation and forest management work as efficiently as possible. Along with the issue of standardizing the quality of planting seedlings, significant savings in time and resources are achieved by eliminating the need for soil preparation due to the introduction of machine vision, the use of a robot track platform and a special plow that performs opening of the fertile layer directly at the place of planting each seedling. The article describes the concept of the Svyatobor complex, including the main elements and stages of its preparation for work. The results of the development of careful capture of seedlings of coniferous forest-forming species are presented.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the causes of the unsatisfactory condition and death of pine crops in the forest fund of the Republic of Karelia. The data on the assessment of the state of forest crops in the predominant forest types in the Karelian north-taiga region are presented. The objects of the study are pine forest crops of different ages in conditions of lingonberry and blueberry forest types. A complex of works was carried out at the research sites to assess the condition of pine forest crops. During the accounting work, the survival rate, safety and basic indicators for the transfer of forest crops to forested lands were evaluated. The species composition and structure of the formed young plants in the areas of forest crops were taken into account. It was found that the proportion of dead forest crops from the total area of the surveyed sites is 77% in the conditions of the blueberry type of forest and 8.4% in the lingonberry type of forest. Forest crops of unsatisfactory condition were found on 3.1% of the area in the conditions of the blueberry type of forest, 2.7% – in the conditions of the lingonberry type of forest. The composition of young trees in areas of forest crops of unsatisfactory condition includes 49% of pine in the cranberry type of forest and 26% in the blueberry type of forest. The proportion of pine trees of dead forest crops was 34 and 12%, respectively. The number of pine forest crops in such areas is 256 and 232 pcs/ha, respectively. The projective coverage and species composition of the living soil cover were recorded in the areas of forest crops. 6 species with a projective coverage of more than 10% have been identified.