The analysis of the current state of research on the technical operation of irrigation systems and the introduction of information systems in the field of land reclamation management is carried out. The expediency of using optimization modelling of the allocation of limited financial resources for repair and restoration work using a multi-criteria nonlinear function based on genetic algorithms has been revealed. The following optimization criteria were used when choosing priority facilities for carrying out repair and restoration work: irrigation area, reduction of water losses, financial result of the water management organization. A prototype of the automated control system “Irrigation system water use” has been developed. The goals and objectives of the system are analyzed, and its functional structure is determined. The information flows of the production organization are characterized on the basis of data from a survey of the technical operation of the Krasnogvardeyskaya irrigation system (Republic of Crimea), subordinate to the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Crimea “Crimean Department of Water Resources and Land Reclamation”. The software implementation of the subsystem “Technical operation” is carried out and the results of the implementation of the control example are presented. The use of the domestic software product 1C-Enterprise as a technological platform for the development of automated control systems is justified. The functional structure of the application solution is described: the composition of reference books, operational accounting data, reports and data processing. The application solution interface is described, as well as data entry examples and output forms. The use of the 1C GIS Spatial Data Management software solution as an add-on is justified to solve the problem of data visualization related to the planning of technical operation measures, including for the analysis of remote sensing data in the tasks of monitoring the state of irrigation system facilities.

Spring irrigation, including autumn irrigation, is carried out for the conditions of the Siberian region on long-seasonally freezing soils, mainly to make up for spring moisture deficiency in the soil. The purpose of the research is to determine the norms of autumn water-charging irrigation to compensate for the spring moisture deficiency in the active soil layer. The forest-steppe zone of the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is characterized by low-snow winters and frequent spring winds, when those small snow reserves are completely blown off the soil surface. By the beginning of sowing crops or at the beginning of the growing season of perennial grasses, the soil lacks moisture. Moisture-charging irrigation is usually carried out with large norms for deeper soaking of the soil. At the same time, most of the moisture is lost to infiltration into deeper soil horizons beyond the root layer. We conducted studies on the effect of norms of 50 and 100 mm in the form of autumn moisture-charging irrigation on the content of moisture reserves in the soil in the spring of next year. Charging irrigation helps to obtain a well-developed green mass of plants, which earlier and more densely cover the soil surface from excessive heating by the sun, which is important in the conditions of the arid zone. Stronger seedlings further make fuller use of soil nutrients and precipitation moisture, as well as irrigation water.

The uniformity of irrigation with wide-range sprinklers is largely determined by the sprinklers installed on them, their design features, the distance between them along the pipeline and the water pressure. The purpose of the study was to select a model of sprinklers that ensure uniform watering when operating at low pressure and determine the optimal distances between them. Based on theoretical assumptions, the popular PC-S3000 and PC-R3000 models were selected for experimental research. Five nozzles of different diameters were selected for each sprinkler. The operating pressure varied in the range of 0.06-0.14 MPa. The surfaces were built with a superimposed layer of precipitation. It was determined that the irrigation areas under sprinklers located at a distance of 1 and 5 meters from each other have significantly less uniformity than those located at a distance of 2-4 meters. The interval of installation of sprinklers 3 meters apart from each other of the PC-R3000 model gives a Christiansen coefficient of 86.8%.

The article notes that at present, for watering cassette seedlings in greenhouses, the DSh-0.6 positional hose sprinkler, improved for indoor conditions, is widely used. The improvement of the sprinkler consists in the replacement of sector-acting end nozzles with circular nozzles, determined by a decrease in its radius of action, due to the limited width of a typical greenhouse module (9 m). The purpose of the study: to improve the quality of irrigation of seedlings of vegetable crops grown by the cassette method in protected soil by improving the hose sprinkler. In the course of theoretical studies, based on the design parameters of the sprinkler wings of the hose sprinkler and the width of the greenhouse module, it was found that the nozzles are arranged in such a way as to ensure that the rain torches overlap as much as possible from the circular and sector nozzles and, the latter, in the middle of the greenhouse, with each other. In this case, the distance a from the attachment point of the sector action nozzles to the attachment point of the circular action nozzles, determined by expression 1, should be about 0.80 m. To assess the effectiveness of irrigation, using the well-known technique described in SRT AIST 11.1-2010, it was found that the effective irrigation coefficient for a circular irrigated area is about 0.75, and for a square one, taking into account non-irrigated areas, no more than 0.60, which can be increased by overlapping adjacent positions when watering. When analyzing the graph analytical dependence, it was found that, with overlap equal to 0.5d, the non-spilled area is about 20 m2, versus 9.5 m2 and 4.8 m2, respectively, with overlap equal to 0.6d and 0.7d. At the same time, the irrigation efficiency coefficient increases from a value equal to 0.60 without overlap to 0.75 with an overlap of 0.7d. As a result of the research, the operational performance of the sprinkler system was obtained, which allowed us to draw the following conclusions: to ensure effective irrigation of seedlings of vegetable crops grown by the cassette method in an enclosed ground with a hose sprinkler, it is necessary: to ensure the distance between circular and sectoral nozzles equal to 0.80 m; to change the position when overlapping at least 0.7 of the diameter of the irrigated circular squares.

The purpose of the study is to determine the dynamics of the salt composition of soils of agricultural lands of the Rostov region in the zone of influence of reclamation systems and the causes of its occurrence. Materials and methods. Data from reports, scientific research by Russian scientists, as well as samples of collector-drainage waters and soils (the latter were selected in the area of reclamation systems of the Rostov region) were used as research materials. Results. Despite the fact that the irrigated lands of the region are mostly in good condition, it is of concern that during the irrigation process, an increase in the groundwater level is recorded, especially those with increased mineralization, which can lead to secondary salinization of fertile lands. Currently, about 19% of the agricultural land area in the region has a groundwater level of 0-2 m, less than half (44.25%) have favorable indicators for groundwater occurrence – more than 3 m. The use of water bodies with an unfavorable salt composition to supply water for irrigation of agricultural crops also has an adverse effect on the soil. According to the data, a quarter of the region’s lands are irrigated with water with a mineralization of more than 1 g/dm3. The latter require special attention, as there is a risk of their secondary salinization and loss of initial fertility. The paper presents generalized data of Russian scientists and a retrospective analysis, as well as data from the author’s research on changes in salt-forming ions in irrigated soils of the Rostov region. Conclusions. The data obtained indicate an increased content of salt-forming ions in groundwater and surface waters, which may pose a threat of secondary salinization of agricultural lands, and primarily located in the area of reclamation systems. Studies show that the sodium content in irrigated soils at the beginning of the irrigation period has higher values compared to similar non-irrigated ones, and the calcium content is lower.

Tis noted that productivity is an integral indicator of the condition of agricultural lands. Earth remote sensing technology is effectively used to observe plants during the growing season. The value of the NDVI spectral vegetation index can be used to predict the yield of various crops. The purpose of the study was to predict the yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on the value of the NDVI vegetation index. The scientifi c and practical signifi cance of the research results obtained using the presented methodology can be adapted for phenological observations and studying the productivity of Triticum aestivum L. crops. in other conditions. A set of spectral images from the Sentinel-2 satellite (European Space Agency) was used for the forecast. The calculations were performed in the geographic information system QGIS (ver. 3.28.1 “Firenze”) and SAGA GIS9.3.1. According to the forecast, the yield of Triticum aestivum L. was 60.41 ± 0.06 kg/ha, the forecast error compared to the actual one was 2.2%.

Waste from limestone quarries is a product of primary industry and the extraction of building material, and their finely dispersed fraction often remains unclaimed and is stored. This causes environmental and economic problems, as these materials are easily dispersed by gravity, water, and wind. The purpose of this work is to substantiate an innovative method for the disposal of finely dispersed waste from open pits, including in the process of biological reclamation of the quarries themselves, based on the results of a study of the properties of these materials. In the course of the study, an experimental approach was used, which compared the results of growing plants on substrates: a pure finely dispersed fraction of waste, a mixture of a fine fraction and vermicompost, as well as pure vermicompost. Special attention was paid to the study of the effect of chlorella-based additives. The results of the study showed that the finely dispersed fraction of waste from limestone quarries can be successfully used in agricultural practice as a component of the substrate for growing plants, in combination with additives based on the culture of unicellular algae. Such a substrate has the necessary nutrients and stimulates plant growth. The findings could contribute to the development of a circular economy, in which waste from one process becomes resources for another, minimizing losses and reducing environmental impact. In particular, they serve as a substantiation of the scheme developed by the authors for closing technological cycles within the framework of the industrial symbiosis of economic entities of three different industries – a depleted limestone quarry, small farms and an enterprise that creates and operates a tourist facility as a result of reclamation and landscape rehabilitation of a depleted quarry.

Development of a landslide hazard assessment based on a Bayesian belief network. Methodology. Landslide risk assessment with basic systematic use (after heavy rains, snowfalls, etc.) of expert fragments of basic knowledge implemented in graphical probabilistic models – Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN), resolved objective and selective probabilities and knowledge. We considered possible relationships (dependencies and independences) for uncertainty and risk management. Results. Risk management during the closure of drainage systems involves the use of various deterministic and probabilistic methods. One of the risk management procedures is its assessment. Hazardous natural phenomena (landslides, mudflows, water and wind erosion, flooding, waterlogging and land erosion) can threaten the lives and health of the population and lead to significant damage. Resource limitations (time, financial, etc.) often do not allow for full-fledged monitoring and additional research using GIS and other means. To minimize risk and make timely management decisions to protect people and territories, it is necessary to use methods and models based on expert knowledge (subjective probabilistic assessments) about cause-and-effect relationships and distribution laws of integral characteristics of the manifestation of characteristic conditions (for example, in the case of landslide hazard – the slope stability coefficient FS). As a result of using the proposed methodology in the first example, restrictions were obtained that allow using different methods to maintain the slope. Conclusions. The proposed ideology of probabilistic landslide risk assessment based on the system of using expert knowledge in Bayesian belief networks is well applied in the context under consideration. The factors affected by the landslide zone are universal and can be used to assess risks in other areas where slope processes are developing.

The purpose of the study is to find ways to reduce the negative impact of spent landfills and MSW landfi lls on the environment. The problem of waste is one of the most pressing problems of our time, demand gives rise to production, and consumption is waste. In 2024, one hundred MSW treatment and disposal facilities with a total capacity of more than 13 million tons began operating in Russia, and about 40 million tons of MSW were buried in landfi lls and “landfi lls”. Such areas need to be carried out to reduce their negative impact on the environment and human health.

The purpose of the work is to substantiate the methodology for monitoring the erosion state of the coastal zone of water bodies using remote sensing data and to propose coastal protection measures that ensure anti-erosion protection. To monitor the development of coastal erosion, a methodology is proposed based on the construction of a topographic relief map and calculations of the water WRI and vegetation NDVI indices obtained from the analysis of remote sensing data. The WRI index map, combined with a topographic map of the area, allows you to determine the direction of runoff, and the vegetation index NDVI allows you to characterize the stability of slopes by assessing the density of vegetation development. When analyzing two maps, erosion areas can be identified. The algorithm for monitoring the development of coastal erosion based on the results of satellite imagery processing was tested during the formation of the Konakovo-Agrotourism tourist cluster. The erosion areas identified on the constructed maps are confirmed by the results of in-kind observations and photo recording of the state of the banks of the Volga River in the Konakovo District of the Russian Federation.

The earth dam was built in 2005 as part of the Yumaguzinsky hydroelectric complex on the Belaya River in Bashkortostan. The results of numerical filtration calculations of a stone-earth dam based on the use of the equation of unsteady filtration under specified boundary conditions are presented; to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-filtration devices both in the body and at the base of an earth dam. Numerical solutions were obtained using the “FILTR” calculation program developed by specialists of the Department of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engineering of the National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering to solve problems of nonlinear pressure-free filtration in an inhomogeneous environment. The applied algorithm is based on two numerical methods: finite elements and local variations. The article examines and discusses both theoretical provisions and practical results obtained during the solution of the filtration problem using the “FILTR” program for several design solutions for anti-filtration devices in the body of the Yumaguzinsky earth dam. Studies have shown that the structures of anti-filtration devices both in the body of the earth dam and at the base of the structure have demonstrated satisfactory performance.

This study is focused on changes in flow velocities and channel stability parameters associated with the projected quarry mining operation. The paper deals with the hydraulic flow characteristics of the Tom River site located between the Tomsk and Koziulino hydrological posts. Geometric parameters and hydrological characteristics, including flow modules and resistance modules, were estimated for cross sections representing both the existing and the design condition. The water level drawdown and navigational safety assessment is based on these calculations, taking into account the adopted design water levels and discharges. A flow model based on planned current lines and curvilinear cross sections obtained from the channel survey were carried out. The planned current line represents the vertical direction of the mean velocity vector and the curvilinear cross sections are orthogonal to these current lines. The combination of these elements forms a plan flow model that defines plan jets (flow between current lines) and plan flow bands (flow between crossplots). The Shezi and Manning formulas are used to express the free surface slope along an arbitrary plan flow streamline. Non-erosive and erosive velocities were calculated for modelled cross sections along current lines in pre- and post-quarry scenarios. The analysis revealed a significant decrease in flow velocities and a slight increase in both non-degradation and scour velocities after quarrying. The maximum calculated water level drop was 0.0186 m, which is significantly lower than the acceptable threshold of 0.05 m, indicating minimal impact. Quantitatively, non-degradation velocities increased from 0.55-0.65 m/s to 0.63-0.75 m/s, and degradation velocities increased from 0.7-0.85 m/s to 0.82-0.98 m/s following quarry development. This modelling approach provides a basis for understanding and predicting hydraulic behavior in the river reach under study.

Research objective: assessment of the physical essence of processes and actions necessary for trouble-free operation of hydraulic structures and comfortable use of residential areas; clarification of a number of characteristics of the processes under consideration from the energy point of view. In recent centuries, and especially decades, due to the increasing anthropogenic activity, many natural and man-made structures have emerged. Against the background of always existing natural slope processes, man-made impact has imposed additional characteristics on their patterns. Usually, in the initial stages, anthropogenic impact leads to the activation of undesirable slope processes, and less often to their attenuation during the engineering preparation of the territory at the first stages of development. The energy characteristics of the evolution of these processes are considered, to a lesser extent in natural conditions, to a greater extent within the limits of modern natural and man-made structures, a significant number of which are hydraulic structures. Urban agglomerations, automobile, railway and other communications, agricultural complexes and other vital objects provide for a change in the energy characteristics of slopes within the newly emerging and supplemented natural and man-made structures in the process of evolution. The characteristics of the movement of alluvial deposits within the limits of the technogenically altered beds of small rivers are presented. The path of movement of one of the most undesirable pollutant particles in the geoecological system is considered – an aggregate with heavy metals deposited in it, trapped in the ground due to human activity. The figures shows the movement of the pollutant from the moment of hypothetical entry into the geological environment as a result of human activity to deposition in a thin fraction of sediments of water bodies, a potential barrier to which is usually sediments in the dam zone.

In order to determine the areas prone to mudflows, a survey of the adjacent territories of the Kozydon and Zemegondon rivers (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania) was carried out. An assessment of the size and volume of previous mudflows was fulfilled, an assessment of the geological conditions of the territory was given, taking photo of the territory was carried out using UAVs (drones). In the course of the work, it was established that there are 14 mudflow hazardous rivers in the territory under consideration. Debris flows are widespread and can be traced on slopes of various exposures. Field surveys have shown that the Kozydon and Zemegondon rivers are also mud bearing, as evidenced by mudflow deposits in the riverbeds. Often the origin of a mudflow occurs in the channel of one of the tributaries, and further movement continues along the main channel. The size and volume of previous mudflows were assessed. An assessment of the geological conditions of the territory was given, photography of the territory was carried out, using drones (UAVs). In the course of the work, it was established that there are 14 mudflow hazardous rivers in the territory under consideration. Debris flows are widespread and can be traced on slopes of various exposures. Often the origin of a mudflow occurs in the channel of one of the tributaries, and further movement continues along the main channel.

The purpose of the research is to establish the recreational effect of willow planting in the Volsk city park of the Saratov region under the influence of various water sources. The article establishes the recreational effects of willow plantings in the Volsk city Park of the Saratov region under the influence of various water sources. The research methodology was based on full-scale and visual methods of environmental analysis. The mathematical model of O.B. Sokolskaya was used to determine the recreational effect of lighting and time, followed by its improvement and saturation of data by parameters: the structure of green spaces on the banks and near reservoirs, the dynamism of water bodies, the shading of the surface by plant objects (including aquatic ones). It was determined that the recreational effect depends on the height of the coastal vegetation, its proximity to the water, the height of the sun (i.e., the hour of the day) and the duration of the inspection. It was revealed that coastal green spaces and their shadows significantly affect the overall attractiveness of landscape objects with water spaces. It was found that the studied “Stream Zone” has a greater shade by 1.5 times, and the dynamism of streams increases at the borders of streams and ponds. The “pond zone” has a predominant recreational effect over the rest of the studied territories. The most significant extended recreational effect is owned by the “Stream Zone” – 1.2, which is 1.3-2.7 times higher than the RE of other territories. Willow crops of the genus Salix have a number of advantages over other green spaces.

Trees and shrubs of the genus Pine (Pinus L.) are of great value for landscaping the urban environment of the Stavropol region. The assortment can be replenished by introducing adapted species. The object of the study was seeds and seedlings of coniferous plants of the genus Pinus L. The purpose of the research is to study the characteristics of seed propagation, seasonal growth and development of seedlings of 17 taxa in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland. Specification of species was carried out using the reference book by D.L. Matyukhin (2021), laboratory germination was determined according to the method of M.V. Rogozina (2013); phenological phases of seedlings were recorded using the recommendations of G.I. Redko (1983). Laboratory germination above 75% was shown by seeds of 3 taxa; germination rate (50-75%) – 3; germination rate (25-50%) – 4; less than 25% – 6 taxa. In field conditions, the emergence of seedlings was noted in the 1st-2nd decade of May in 14 taxa. The transition to a dormant state of seedlings of the 1st year of life was recorded in the second decade of September. The beginning of the growing season for seedlings of the 2nd and 3rd year of life was noted in the 2nd decade of April, the transition to the dormant stage in the 3rd decade of September. Seedlings of the 3rd year of life, depending on the species, had a height from 10.0 to 25.0 cm; root length from 12.5 to 47.0 cm; annual growth from 3.0 to 8.5 cm. During the growing season, the seedlings successively went through all phases of seasonal development. The necessary agro technical measures were carried out in a timely manner. As a result of the research, viable seedlings of 14 species and forms were obtained.

Pitsunda pine (Pinus brutia var. pityusa (Steven) Silba) is a relict endemic of the Black Sea coast. Currently, one of the pressing issues of preserving natural populations of Pitsunda pine is the study of the resistance of stands to a complex of biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors. The aim of the study was to assess the sanitary and forest pathological condition of stands in the Dzhankhot Bor botanical natural monument (Krasnodar territory). Field work was carried out in the vicinity of the Dzhankhot settlement in the Krasnodar territory. To assess the condition of the forest stand, 6 temporary trial plots were laid in a pine forest with smoke tree in the undergrowth, in an oak-hornbeam pine forest and an oak-bush pine forest, where 1178 Pitsunda pine trees were recorded. The results of the study showed that the best sanitary condition of Pitsunda pine is found in pine forests with smoke tree in the undergrowth, where the number of drying and dead trees does not exceed 2%, and these are trees that are not included in the first tier. In the oak-hornbeam pine forest, the condition of the pine is worsening, the number of weakened trees is 54%. The condition of the trees in the needle pine forest is satisfactory – 46.5% of the trees belong to the first category of condition (no signs of weakening) and 41.7% to the second (weakened), the number of dead trees does not exceed 5%. Of the xylophilous beetles, the mass species include bark beetles of the genus Tomicus, in the pine forest with smoke tree in the undergrowth, a population of the pistachio borer (Capnodis cariosa Pallas) was noted. To preserve the populations of Pitsunda pine on the Black Sea coast of Russia, further research is required to monitor the sanitary and forest pathological condition of the stands.

An attempt was made to analyze the possibility of creating carbon farms on worked out clay quarries in the Middle Ural taiga forest region. The research is based on the method of trial plots which ensures the receipt of objective data on productivity of artificial plantations created on lands disturbed by clay extraction process. It has been established that in the specified forestry regions the forestry direction of reclamation ensures the formation of relatively productive pine plantations. The latter, in the process of Photosynthesis extract carbon dioxide from the atmospheric air, depositing carbon in their tissues, thereby reducing the share of greenhouse gases and slowing down climate change. By the age of 50, up to 120 t/ha of carbon is deposited in stem wood alone. Carbon in wood is stored not only for the period of its cultivation, but also for the period of use of its processed products (furniture, boards, wooden structures, etc.), that is, for an indefinite period. Therefore, it can be stated that the creation of carbon farms on depleted clay quarries by planting 2-year-old seedlings of Scots pine solves not only the problem of providing the industry with wood and improving the environmental situation, but also implements a project to slow down climate change.