The efficiency of the use of irrigated lands and the receipt of project yields of agricultural crops is associated with the technical condition of the GTS of the reclamation complex, which ensures the management of flood runoff and water intake for irrigation, which, according to various expert estimates, is characterized as satisfactory and unsatisfactory for most structures. The purpose of the study was to develop measures to improve the water supply of the Upper Kuban irrigation system of the Krasnodar Territory by reconstructing the hydroelectric complex on the Novokuban Canal. The analysis of long-term data on the runoff of the river. Kuban and carried out survey and topographic surveys of the Novokuban canal hydroelectric complex. According to the results of the study, it was noted that in 2022, with an annual plan for the supply of water to consumers of 12.12 million cub. meters, the actual water withdrawal amounted to 5.87 million cub. meters, of which 5.28 million cub. meters were used for irrigation, and out of 8.32 thousand hectares of irrigated land, only 3.31 thousand hectares were irrigated. It has been established that the gates of the water control facility are out of order, due to which the canal incurs unproductive expenses during floods, and an emergency discharge creates backwater in the canal bed, which creates emergency situations. An action plan has been developed for the reconstruction of the hydroelectric complex, including the construction of a reinforced concrete water intake with the installation of sluice-regulators with flat gates on the main channel of the canal and the discharge channel with the replacement of culverts. These repair and restoration works will improve the safety of the operation of the Novokuban Canal and the water supply of the Upper Kuban irrigation system, the involvement of existing and the introduction of new irrigated lands, and the expansion of the sowing structure of highly profitable agricultural crops that are responsive to irrigation.

Purpose of the research: to consider the influence of free porosity and water loss on the filtration of water from channels with an earthen bed. Explore existing calculation methods taking into account the parameters of free porosity and fluid loss. Collect calculation material that can form the basis of a program for calculating the filtration of channels with an earthen bed, taking into account the factors influencing the first and second stages of filtration in the channels. Materials and research methods: The work used theoretical methods for calculating filtration in channels with an earthen bed, presented the calculation of the loss of flow rate Qf for filtration per 1 km of length with a steady free surface for different types of channel cross-sections, considered the basic formulas proving that water supply changes with changes in transverse cross-section of the canal, the change in the stability of the canal slopes is shown, a test calculation of the canal for filtration strength according to the maximum pressure gradients is presented, the need to compare the excess of the critical filtration pressure gradient with the permissible pressure gradient is considered. Results and its discussion. The relationship between the total, capillary and minimum moisture capacity and water yield in the thickness of soils is presented, the dependence of free porosity on the groundwater level, and the change in water permeability of soils over time are considered. As a result of the research, material was collected on the influence of free porosity and water loss on the movement of water in soils and the influence on the increase in groundwater levels in the zone of influence of canals, a methodology was presented for the influence of free porosity and water loss on the processes occurring in the soils of irrigation canals in an earthen channel, which will allow its use for modeling these processes on a computer.

The purpose of the research is to find, predict and regulate the temperature and humidity regime of the soil for the conditions of radiant heating of cultivation facilities using dark-type ceiling infrared radiators. In the work, without intermediate mathematical transformations, a generally accepted system of differential equations (both in dimensional and dimensionless forms) is presented, taking into account the main and cross processes of heat and mass transfer in dispersed media. For this system of equations, a particular analytical solution is considered, which takes into account not only the main phenomena of heat and mass transfer that occur independently of each other, but also the effect of water vapor transfer on the formation of the temperature field of the soil layer. Using the example of milling peat, the results of solving this problem are presented in the form of one-dimensional unsteady fields of temperature and moisture content. Taking into account the given unambiguity conditions (geometric, physical, initial and boundary conditions), it is established that the required values of moisture content and temperature will be reached in six hours. At the same time, there is practically no change in moisture content during the time period under consideration on the coordinate segment z ∈[0;6,0]sm. The solution of the mathematical problem, implemented in a software environment, allows you to control the thermal and humidity conditions of the soil by regulating the heat flow on its surface (in the case of an obvious relationship between the magnitude of the heat flux and the intensity of evaporation from the soil surface). Due to the fact that the solution proposed in the article is a particular one and does not take into account thermal diffusion in the soil layer, i.e.the influence of temperature differences on moisture transfer seems appropriate and of scientific interest to consider further the general solution of the system of differential equations of interrelated heat and mass transfer.

The purpose of the study was to assess the level of contamination of soils and groundwater in the catchment area of a small river. For this purpose, the territory was zoned according to the intended purpose of the land and four categories were identified: agricultural lands, water fund lands, forest fund lands, and rural settlement lands. To assess the impact of each category on soil and water pollution, cross-sections were identified along the small river bed. The study determined physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Research results have shown that due to excessive anthropogenic load, groundwater is polluted with elements such as phosphates and nitrates. In addition, an increased level of phosphorus content is observed in the soil, and a general pattern is observed – the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as the total number of soil microorganisms decreases from source to mouth.

The results of vegetation and field experiments on the influence of moisture conditions on the productivity and feed value of Mageva soybeans are presented. It is established that the conditions of moisture availability are an important factor in regulating the level of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and the production process in soybeans. Increasing the pre-irrigation soil moisture from 40 to 60% PPV (maximum field moisture capacity) can significantly increase crop productivity: yield from 4.11 to 7.64 g/vessel, protein harvesting with seed yield from 8.04 to 16.50 g/vessel, essential amino acids from 5.22 to 10.70 g/vessel or 1.81-2.05 times; fat collection – from 2.34 to 4.37 g/vessel, or 1.68-1.85 times, collection of feed units from 28.77 to 53.48 g/vessel or 1.69-1.86 times. In the field experiment, with optimal heat and moisture availability, the yield is 2.71 t/ha, the level of symbiotic nitrogen fixation reaches 208 kg/ha, which covers 96% of the nitrogen needs of plants. Excessive and especially insufficient moisture supply significantly reduce productivity indicators: yield – by 1.08-1.84 times, protein collection by 1.14-1.62 times, collection of essential amino acids – by 1.13-1.60 times, lysine – by 1.12-1.61 times, fat collection – by 1.04-1.42 times, and unsaturated fatty acids – by 1.03-1.41, collection of feed units – 1.10-1.80 times, the level of symbiotic nitrogen fixation up to 33-79% or 1.29-2.90 times.

The article discusses the peculiarities of the use of combined technologies in monitoring on the example of the Simferopol reservoir, namely low-frequency electromagnetic field (VLF) technology and numerical modeling of dangerous structural violations. It is possible to detect decompression of the soil base of the structure. When the field finds an object in the ground that conducts electricity, it detects the hydraulic structure’s own magnetic field, namely decompaction and subsidence. On the basis of the studies carried out, numerical simulation of the dam of the Simferopol reservoir was carried out with various dangerous structural defects and defects acquired over a long period of operation. It should be noted that during the period of operation at the complex of hydraulic structures of the Simferopol reservoir, no major repairs and reconstruction were carried out. The design features of the tooth in the body of the dam were numerically calculated. Stress and strain diagrams were obtained. Based on the calculations, in order to reduce water losses for filtration in the left side of the dam, the installation of a cementation curtain is envisaged. It has been established that the height of the cementation curtain is different depending on the depth of occurrence of water-resistant rocks. Based on the materials of the reconnaissance survey and calculations, field work and laboratory tests, it is possible to conclude that the structure is stable, while maintaining the current intensity of operation.

The conjugation interface of the concrete dam with the rock-fill dam is the most critical section of the pressure front of the Boguchanskaya HPP. The most important feature of the Boguchanskaya HPP is the presence of an impervious element – an asphalt concrete diaphragm, which is made using a special technology from a cast hydraulic asphalt concrete mixture laid in a heated state. The safety of the pressure front of the hydroelectric complex depends on the condition of the junction of the asphalt concrete diaphragm with section No. 34 of the concrete dam (including the condition of the contact joint between them). After the beginning of filling the reservoir in 2012, the opening of the contact joint between the ABD and section No. 34 of the concrete dam was recorded, and the settlement of the ABD relative to section No. 34 of the concrete dam was also noted. At present, the opening of the contact seam and the settlement cannot be called stabilized. The aim of the research is to determine the computational stress-strain state of the conjugation between the concrete and rock-fill dams of the Boguchanskaya HPP. On the basis of a spatial finite element model of the conjunction of a concrete dam with a rock-fill dam, taking into account the data of field observations and deviations from the design prerequisites, calculations of the stress-strain state were performed. The results of the calculations showed that the controlled values do not exceed the criterion values.

The subject of the study is reinforced concrete corner retaining walls, widely used in hydraulic engineering construction. Optimization of the shape of the vertical console of corner retaining walls is important to reduce internal forces and increase the stability of structures. When replacing flat panels with spatial structures in the console, bending moments are reduced; the predominant work of structures for compression or stretching allows reducing their thickness due to more efficient use of materials. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal shape and nature of reinforcement of vertical retaining wall consoles, depending on their height. The study was conducted in the certified software package “LIRA-CAD2021”. Computational models of corner retaining walls with consoles in the form of multi-wave cylindrical shells and folds have been developed. At the junctions of the waves and the edges of the folds, racks are provided, pinched in the ground. Comparative calculations of structures in the software package “LIRA-CAD2021” were performed. The results of calculations are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn on the optimization of the structures of retaining walls with a vertical console in the form of shells and folds. The study showed that with a retaining wall height of up to 3 m, a retaining wall with a console in the form of a multi-wave shell is more rational in terms of material consumption. At a height of more than 3 m, retaining walls with a console in the form of folds with vertical posts at the interface of the faces become rational. For consoles in the form of shells, double reinforcement is recommended with an increase in the area of the reinforcement in the lower part and at the interface areas of adjacent waves. For consoles in the form of folds, double reinforcement is also recommended, but additional reinforcement is required only in the area of the interface of the panels with the foundation plate.

The article discusses a new type of a two-stage differential of the author’s design and the calculation of its design on an elastic base. The drop is designed to regulate the eroded sections of small rivers in the conditions of foothill zones. The proposed frame structure of the construction on an artificial gabion base allows solving the issues of stability, interaction of the structure with the flow and safe filtration under the structure. The bearing base of the drop is a system of cross reinforced concrete beams on an elastic base which allows the use of a method for calculating tape monolithic foundations. At the same time, an effective approach to the study of the stress-strain state of its load-bearing elements is proposed. Based on the results of the conducted studies, the tasks and calculation methodology for calculating its main parameters that ensure the reliability and efficiency of the entire structure have been determined for this two-stage differential.

The purpose of the study is to study the intra-annual distribution of water levels, taking into account ice conditions. An assessment of the recurrence of ice phenomena at hydrological stations with a high frequency of exceeding the level of a dangerous hydrological phenomenon (DHP) and an unfavorable hydrological phenomenon (UHP) was carried out. The values of the value of the excess of the highest water level over the established critical water levels of the DHP or UHP have been calculated. It has been revealed that on the territory of the studied region, the excess of the marked and DHP occurs not only during spring floods, ice jams, but also ice movements, autumn and spring ice drift, and even under non-compact freezing. Underestimation of the level and ice regime significantly complicates the implementation of measures to prevent and minimize the negative consequences and damage from dangerous ice hydrological phenomena.

Based long-term climate data, a research database has been created for eight meteorological stations located in various natural-geographical zones of the Assa-Talas river basin; a linear-correlation model of climate indicators has been obtained, allowing to determine the rate of increase in the sums of air temperatures, radiation balance, evaporation from the open water surface or from excessively moistened soil during the biologically active period of the year, annual precipitation, natural moisture coefficient and hydrothermal dryness index, which perform important environment-forming and ecological functions. The results of the study showed that in general, in all natural-geographical zones of the Assa-Talas river basin, the sum of air temperatures, radiation balance, evaporation and hydrothermal dryness index have a positive growth rate, and annual precipitation and the coefficient of natural moisture are negative, contributing to the formation of a positive rate an increase in the deficit of water consumption of agricultural land and a shift in the boundaries of natural zones, which is a signal of the safety of agricultural activities.

The purpose of the research is to study the current problems of water use for the Barada River basin (Syria) based on the analysis of the hydrological characteristics of natural water resources and making forecasts of the use of water resources for the future. To achieve this goal, methods are used to construct a theoretical supply curve based on average long-term data on the flow of the Barada River in Syria, as well as a predictive method based on retrospective data and a balance method for assessing the water management situation and the limiting period for the water content of the river during the year. The assessment of water use conditions and water availability periods was carried out for years of 90% availability of river flow for agriculture based on irrigation and for years of 75% availability of river flow for other industrial water users. The assessment of water resources and the analysis of the peculiarities of the use of the waters of the Barada River, taking into account local conditions, were carried out. Diffuse flows from territories are taken into account in water management balances. The pollution of river runoff by water quality class was also assessed. Recommendations are given for restoring the water quality in the river for different years in terms of water content. The recommendations take into account the use of sorbent meliorants for cleaning diffuse and drainage runoff with an efficiency of up to 90%.

The article is devoted to the development of methods for assessing the state of initial development of forest park zones created in suburban areas. The purpose of the research is to consider the possibility of introducing a multiplicative indicator that equally takes into account these indicators, to study its extreme characteristics for homogeneous and heterogeneous land plots. The relationship between factor C from the universal equation of soil losses and the weight of dry biomass of deciduous trees which, in turn, are regression dependent on NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index), a numerical indicator of the quality and quantity of woody vegetation on the site, is considered. Two criteria are proposed to assess the initial state of development of the urban forest park zone. It is shown that the first criterion has a minimum at a certain NDVI value. The second criterion is presented in the form of a functional containing the function of the relationship between NDVI and factor C. It is determined that the extreme of this functional has the form of a function of the inverse relationship between NDVI and factor C. The real existence of such an inverse relationship between NDVI and C opens up new opportunities for using this function in metrology.

The study was conducted in order to identify forestry and taxation features of forest plantations in the Barnaul forestry of the Altai Territory, located in the suburban area of Barnaul. Areas of the forest fund were selected at different distances from the city of Barnaul: in the zone of a dense network of roads and settlements (0-15 km) and in the zone of less intensive infrastructure (37 km). Using the methods of ecological profiles, variation statistics, comparative analysis, and forest taxation, the taxation materials of 32 forest quarters were processed, including data from 718 forest taxation allotments. Using two-factor analysis of variance, it was found that the individual studied indicators of forest plantations (average height, completeness, bonus class and reserve per 1 ha) depend on the type of forest. The taxation indicators of stands in the suburban area (except for the average stock per 1 ha) do not have a reliable dependence on the features of Barnaul. The analysis of variance in relation to the natural renewal of the main breed showed that the average height and density depend on the type of forest, and the distance from the city limits affects only the average density. High values of occurrence (65.4-89.5%) of undergrowth were noted in fresh forest, lower in grass forest (15.5-48.4%), but the occurrence increases with distance from the city in both types of forest. Ash-leaved maple finds its ecological niche mainly in the grass forest, displacing local plant species, preventing the natural renewal of pine. It has been previously established that the parameters of forest plantations in suburban pine forests of Barnaul depend on the type of forest, showing different structural and positional stability in relation to anthropogenic factors.

The object of research is represented by biennial seedlings of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.), grown in a forest nursery in the GTS (Mountain Taiga Station) – a branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Biodiversity of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences of Primorsky Krai. The influence of stimulants Zircon, Krezacin, Epin-Extra on the biometric parameters of seedlings was studied. Stimulants are used in the form of root dressing in different concentrations of solutions. The height of the trunks and the length of the roots, the diameter of the root collar, as well as the dry mass are estimated. It was revealed that the use of top dressing in the form of the noted stimulants at a solution concentration of 0.01% provides a better increase in the aerial part of Korean pine. It is also noted that the development of roots is activated. It was found that during the study period, the height was at the level of 8.1 to 12.9 cm, the diameter of the root neck was from 3 to 3.5 mm, the length of the roots was from 10.8 to 14.2 cm, the dry weight was from 1.1 to 1.62 g. An increase in indicators was found (in comparison with the samples of the control group), respectively, by 28.6-104.8; 30.1-71.1; 11.1-29.6 and 57.1-131.4%. According to the current Rules for Reforestation (Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated December 04, 2020 No. 1014 “On Approval of the Rules for Reforestation, the Composition of the Reforestation Project, the Procedure for Developing a Reforestation Project and Making Changes to It”; hereinafter referred to as the Reforestation Rules), Korean pine seedlings in the Far East reach standard sizes in 2-3 years. In our experiments, seedlings treated with the growth stimulator Zircon, fed with a solution concentration of 0.01%, reached the age of planting material quality after 2 years.

In arid regions, forest strips are one of the most important natural resources. The use of modern preparations that improve the growth and development of plants will allow the most complete and effective cultivation of planting material and meet the need for various types of forest products. Squat elm (Ulmus pumila L.) has increased resistance to drought, decorative and protective properties. During the experiment, the authors tested a humic fertilizer-a growth biostimulator “Biofulen torfogel”, which contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humic and fulvic acids, which provide the plant with all the necessary nutrients during active growth. It was revealed that Biofulen torfogel has a positive effect on seedlings of squat elm, increasing their biometric parameters several times in comparison with the control. Weather conditions in 2020 and 2022 were milder, as a result of which the weight of the root and foliage of the studied plants under the wagging of the drug turned out to be higher than in 2021. It is established that the regulation of the time of soaking seeds in the preparation “Biofulen” allows you to get elm seedlings of various sizes. Additional treatment of leaves with a biostimulator of growth allows increasing the phytomass, which, in turn, accelerates the processes of photosynthesis, increases the content of chlorophylls and the size of the crown of the tree. Irrigation norms established according to the phases of plant growth and development complement the effect of humic fertilizer and make it possible to provide work on agroforestry development of arid region with seed and planting material of the necessary assortment of long-lasting fast-growing, drought- and salt-resistant tree species and forms. Accelerated cultivation of planting material, in turn, will ensure stabilization and improvement of the ecological situation in the Volgograd region, which is experiencing the disastrous effects of dry winds, droughts, dust storms and water erosion. Stimulating plant growth will allow you to select and propagate the valuable gene pool of the main forest-forming species of the arid zone.

The data of phytocenotic studies of saxaul forests of Northern Kyzylkum under certain forest growing conditions are presented. 10 plant communities have been described. The predominance of communities with the participation of Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin (5 communities) and mixed saxaul communities from Haloxylon aphyllum and Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss was established. & Buhse (4 communities), a single white-saxaul community from Haloxylon persicum. Saxaul communities are rare with a small amount of saxaul undergrowth. The species developed normally, but did not reach their usual size, went through the entire cycle of their development, and bore fruits. Taxonomic analysis of the flora showed the presence of 41 species from 31 genera and 15 families. The total projective coverage of all plants in the communities ranged from 30 to 100%. Groups of plant species by economic value are identified. The results of the study can be used to assess structural ecological and morphological changes in the natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions of other regions of Kazakhstan and other countries.

The purpose of the study was to establish the growth patterns of 57-year-old Siberian larch and lanceolate ash in anti-erosion forest strips. Plantings were studied by methods of forest taxation according to OST 56-69-83 and the textbook S-PB of the Forestry University. Private methods of K.K. Vysotsky and S.S. Pyatnitsky were also used. Experiments have established the outstripping growth of larch (the main breed) and ash (the accompanying breed) in the flow-regulating forest strip, reinforced with a water-retaining rampart, compared with the near-drainage due to surface runoff accumulated in the rampart pond. The growth intensity index of larch increases with age by 2.95 cm/cm2, and the productivity of cambium decreases in the runoff-regulating forest strip by 0.9 dm3/m2, in the by-ravine by 3.40 cm/cm2 and 0.73 dm3/m2, respectively, which is associated with a lower moisture content in the soil. In the by-ravine forest strip, soil moisture reserves for the long-term observation period averaged 49.0-61.1% of the lowest moisture capacity, in the runoff control zone with a rampart – 56.7-72.3%, which additionally accumulated 34.2-49.7 mm of moisture in 1.5 m of soil layer. The bonitet of larch when the forest strip is strengthened by a rampart exceeds the bonitet of the by-ravine strip by 1 class. It should be noted that Siberian larch is a more highly productive species compared to pedunculate oak by one or two classes of bonitet in identical conditions with soils on the flask (previously published by us, 2021). The coefficients of determination of the relationship between the growth in height of Siberian larch growing in the flow-regulating and by-ravine forest strips, from the indicators of age, growth intensity, productivity of cambium are 0.92-0.98, which indicates a close relationship. Siberian larch, as the main species, is recommended in protective forest stands, especially on bedrock.