To obtain high-quality planting material, high and stable raspberry yields in unstable weather conditions, it is necessary to develop resource-saving technologies that are currently not available for the Central Non-Сhernozem region of the European part of Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of raspberry water consumption under various drip irrigation regimes in the conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia. Field studies were carried out on the basis of the laboratory of fruit growing «Michurinskiy Sad» of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after C.A. Timiryazev. A two-factor fi eld experiment was laid down in the fall of 2019. Drip irrigation of raspberries can signifi cantly save irrigation water in comparison with other irrigation methods (furrows, sprinkling, etc.). The conducted studies showed that in the variant of the experiment with maintaining soil moisture in the range of 80-100% of the lowest moisture capacity, the saving of irrigation water compared to furrow irrigation was on average 65%, and in the variant of 60-80% of the lowest moisture capacity – 78%. In addition, the use of local irrigation contributes to the creation of an optimal water-air regime of the soil. The highest total water consumption is characterized by the variant of the experiment with maintaining moisture in the root layer of the soil in the range of 80-100% of the lowest moisture capacity (on average 4342 m3/ha), and the smallest – 60-80% of the lowest moisture capacity (on average 4026 m3/ha). The study of the contribution of the main elements of the water balance to water consumption showed that for the irrigated variants of the experiment, precipitation has a signifi cant share (from 71 to 81%), and the contribution of the irrigation rate to the total water consumption is from 15 to 22%.

The current state of land reclamation in the country is considered, which showed not suffi ciently effective use of reclaimed land due to signifi cant depreciation of fi xed assets, the use of obsolete technologies and non-compliance with operational reclamation regimes, which requires a revision of the paradigm of reclamation activities. The purpose of the research is to develop the main provisions of the concept of biosphere and ecological substantiation of integrated land reclamation, which can signifi cantly increase the productivity of reclaimed lands and reduce the load on the agrolandscape. The use of the regularities of energy and mass transfer in natural landscapes makes it possible to more effectively use the natural potential of the natural environment, and taking into account the assimilating and barrier properties to reduce reclamation loads. The most important direction should be the digitalization of the reclamation industry, and the automation of soil reclamation management processes and the creation of information and communication systems for decision-making on agrochemical and reclamation measures in real time will allow obtaining high yields of quality products.

Based on studying the regularity of the formation of the genetic theory of runoff by A.I. Voyeykov, which belongs to the dependence of river runoff, atmospheric precipitation, and total evaporation, an attempt was made to establish a causal relationship between the coeffi cient of natural moisture by N.N. Ivanov, the «dryness index» or hydrothermal indicator by M.I. Budyko, and the energy costs of soil formation by V.R. Volobuev, in order to form a genetic (gnoseological) theory of agricultural land improvement. Using philosophical ideas and worldview in the fi eld of natural resource management, a logical framework for the genetic theory of agricultural land improvement was constructed, and based on them, a calculation method was proposed to determine the ecological norm of water consumption for agricultural lands for purposeful management and regulation of the soil formation process and productivity of reclaimed lands.

This article deals with the problem of the widespread development of irrigation in the territory of the Saratov Trans-Volga region, which led to the deterioration in the reclamation state of lands, which can be suspended by developing perfect irrigation rationing through automated programs. Therefore, the issue of increasing the effi ciency of irrigation rationing by determining the total water consumption of plants, taking into account the water regime of the soil, the state of the active surface, weather conditions and biological characteristics of the crop is relevant. The article presents mathematical dependencies used to develop an automated system for adaptive irrigation rationing on the example of alfalfa culture in the conditions of the dry steppe Trans-Volga area of the Saratov region. When choosing a method for determining evaporation, a comparison was made of the results of calculating evaporation using the methods of N.N. Ivanov and the Budyko-Zubenok method. The known dependences of the dynamics of the water regime of the calculated soil layer, water consumption, coeffi cients characterizing the biological characteristics of the crop in the process of growth and development, the state of the active surface, the calculated irrigation rate, the condition for maintaining the moisture reserves of the active soil layer in the optimal range, ensuring minimal water loss and optimal moisture supply of the crop are given that form the basis of the automated calculation program for adaptive rationing by irrigation. Adaptive rationing by irrigation consists in determining the total water consumption by an agricultural crop, taking into account the water regime of the soil, the state of the active surface, meteorological information and the biological characteristics of the plant (crop). A program of adaptive irrigation regulation is proposed on the example of a crop – alfalfa, which will improve the effi ciency of irrigation water use in the Saratov Trans-Volga region, and as a result will improve the ecological situation in this region.

The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of forest reclamation plantations on the substantiation of the development of hydro meliorations and water resources for the river basin in the Nizhny Novgorod region. An assessment of the impact of afforestation of the territory on the substantiation of the development of hydro melioration on the catchments of the rivers of the Nizhny Novgorod region using the bioclimatic method of V.V. Shabanov under various scenarios of changes in agro climatic resources is carried out. When developing a scenario for changing agro-climatic characteristics, the research of Dokuchaev V.V. was taken as the bases. Development forecasts are based on substantiating the probability of the need for the development of hydro reclamation in different variants of afforestation of the catchment. Based on the results of the compilation of water management balances, an assessment was made of possible savings in water resources for irrigation and the impact of catchment afforestation on the quality of water in the river. An assessment of the effectiveness of water protection measures under different scenarios for the development of hydro reclamations and forest reclamations was carried out. According to the method of Kharitonov G.A., an assessment of the impact of catchment afforestation on the change in the underground supply of rivers was carried out. The following management methods are proposed: introduction of a water circulation system in the industry; wastewater treatment; reducing the risk of pollution from sewage from agricultural areas; water saving in irrigation.

The results of long-term studies on the effect of moisture availability of crops on yield, feed value, protein and oilseed productivity in soybean varieties of the northern ecotype (Mageva, Okskaya and Svetlaya) are presented. It was found that in the conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem region, soybean varieties of the northern ecotype provide maximum yield – 3.05 t/ha; protein content – 43.51%; fat content – 20.67%; protein collection – 1322 kg/ha; collection of essential amino acids – 833 kg/ha; fat collection – 531 kg/ha; collection of feed units – 4118 kg/ha. In years with excessive and optimal moisture supply, pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with the active strain 605b Rhizobium japonicum signifi cantly increases soybean productivity: yield – by 0.21-0.25 t/ha; protein content in seeds – by 2.11-3.35%; fat – by 0.33-0.57%; protein harvest – by 125-176 kg/ha; fat collection – by 43-72 kg/ha; collection of essential amino acids – by 84-111 kg/ha, including lysine – by 7-8 kg; collec tion of unsaturated fatty acids by 29-37 kg/ha; collection of feed units – by 305-348 kg/ha. It was found that 82-98% of nitrogen from its maximum consumption is absorbed by the agro enosis from the air due to symbiotic nitrogen fi xation.

The industrial classifi cation of lands has been developed as an integral part of the agricultural assessment of the natural resources of the research object, which divides the lands into categories of suitability and classes, if possible, for their use for arable land and perennial plantations during irrigation. Classifi cation, together with land reclamation assessment, makes it possible to determine for what purposes it is more appropriate to use certain irrigated lands, which reclamation measures can contribute to the most effective use of natural potential with natural moistening and irrigation, as well as to make a comparative assessment of soil fertility by the selected categories and classes of land to substantiate the project crop yields.

The purpose of the work is to conduct a comprehensive hydroecological assessment of collector-drainage waters of irrigation systems of the Rostov region in dynamics to establish spatial and temporal patterns of changes in their quality. The objects of the study were 20 main collector channels of fi ve branches of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Management «Rostovmeliovodkhoz». Structurally, all collectors are open channels in the earth bed. For the hydrochemical assessment, an integral indicator, the coeffi cient of maximum pollution (Cmp), was used, taking into account the priority indicators of the quality of collector-drainage waters (CDW). The dynamics of the coeffi cient of water pollution limit in the reservoirs of the Semikarakorsky branch for the period 2009-2021 showed the absence of sharp fl uctuations in the quality of drainage runoff, the value of the coeffi cient of maximum pollution ranges from 0 to 1, drainage water is characterized as moderately polluted. In the collectors of the Bagaevsky branch, the value of the Cmp fl uctuates in the range of 0…2.7, drainage water is characterized as moderately polluted, polluted. The predominant ions in the drainage runoff are sulfates and sodium. The high content of sulfates in the drainage runoff is due to the introduction of sulphate groundwater, characteristic of this region. A study of collector-drainage water in the reservoirs of the Semikarakorsky and Bagaevsky branches for the content of biogenic elements in 2021 showed a regular excess of phosphates during the entire irrigation period. A comparative analysis of the quality of natural water of the CDW water intakes in the background and collector-drainage waters showed that the hydrochemical composition of the studied waters is approximately the same, which indicates the merger of water bodies and open reservoirs in the earth channel into a single hydrographic network. In 25% of the studied collectors, lower water quality was observed than in the water intake.

The article considers the justifi cation of the parameters of the closed irrigation network and the design features of the connection unit of the Cascade 65T sprinkler machine. The pipeline of the closed irrigation network of the sprinkler machine must ensure the transportation of the required volume of water with minimal pressure losses. The supply pipeline of the closed irrigation network must have the following minimum parameters: for machines up to 506 m long and with a fl ow rate from 33 to 64.4 l/s, the supply pipeline of the closed irrigation network must be made of a pipe of at least Ø225 × 8.6 mm PE100 SDR26 PN6. For machines up to 315 m long and with a fl ow rate of up to 33 l/s, the supply pipeline of a closed irrigation network can be made of a pipe of at least Ø180 × 6.9 mm PE100 SDR26 PN6. To connect the sprinkler machine to the hydrant of a closed irrigation network, a controlled electric valve Du200, a coarse water fi lter and a pressure regulator are required. The fi lter capacity should be at least 250 m3/h, and the diameter of the holes of the fi lter mesh should be less than or equal to 3.0 mm. The pressure regulator must provide pressure adjustment in the range from 0.21 to 0.45 MPa. It is installed after the fi lter, before entering the machine. It is recommended to use specialized fi lters for cleaning irrigation water P65-3-10- Du200, P76-3-10- Dy200. Filter P65-3-10- The DU200 has height adjustment and is included in the delivery package of the Cascade 65T sprinkler machine. It is recommended to use Nelson 800 Series 6` or 8` gearboxes as control valves.

An analysis of the design features, indicators of strength, stability and condition of the hydraulic structures of the Eshkakon hydroelectric complex according to the project data, verifi cation calculations and fi eld observations indicates that the most vulnerable structure to the impact of natural and man-made hazards that can cause a hydrodynamic accident is a rock-and-earth dam. As a factor of natural impact on the hydraulic structures of the Eshkakon hydroelectric complex, an accident at the dam from a seismic impact with a force exceeding the calculated value can be considered. Regular fi eld observations and research, maintenance and repair activities carried out regularly ensure the constant maintenance of hydraulic structures in working condition. For the localization and liquidation of possible dangerous large-scale damage and emergencies at the facilities, the material and technical means of the owner of the facility are suffi cient. Improvement of the technology of liquidation of accidents and strengthening of technical means of emergency protection is achieved by carrying out a set of special measures, including organizational, preventive, repair and structural and technical solutions for preventing accidents.

The features of the transformation of the profi le of the slope of fl oodplain dams and banks of water bodies with a change in the depth and parameters of the wave action, including the place where the destruction of gravel slopes begins, are considered. The results of modeling studies on slopes with a laying equal to 5 are presented, according to the results of which the infl uence of a change in the relative height of the wave crest within 0.01…0.10 on the type of the reshaped slope profi le is revealed. The results of comparison of the obtained experimental data with Van-Human data for profi les of two main types: erosional and alluvial are analyzed. Recommendations are given for determining the stable laying of a slope in the coastal wave zone of a reservoir or a large watercourse with different fl atness of creative waves. It has been established that the fl atness of the waves does not have a signifi cant effect on the magnitude of the stable initiation of the slope with a known average size of the unbound material that composes it. With an increase in the ratio of the height of the oncoming wave to the average diameter of the material forming the slope, the stable laying in the coastal wave zone increases and its value reaches 10.

The construction and operation of hydraulic structures has an impact on the environment and nearby objects. The article discusses the Sormovo intake structure and the possible impact on it of the projected Nizhny Novgorod low-pressure hydroelectric complex. The STREAM 2D CUDA software package, based on the original numerical algorithm for solving two-dimensional shallow water equations (Saint-Venant equations) on an uneven bottom, was used as a research tool. To calculate the deformations of the river bottom and siltation of water intake structures, a new physical and mathematical model of sediment transport is used, taking into account the heterogeneous (multi-fractional) composition of the soil, the movement of both traction and suspended sediments, and the reformation of underwater and above-water slopes. Three models were built for the calculations. At the fi rst one, calculations were made for fl oods of rare frequency of 10%, 1%, and 0.1% probability. On the second low water conditions – the navigation period with daily regulation of the above located hydroelectric complex. The third model considered the construction period, when hydro mechanized works are carried out. Based on the calculations obtained, plans for erosion – accumulation, plans for sediment deposition were built, and the masses of sediments entering the Sormovsky intake were determined. The simulation results showed that the bottom deformations in the intake structure area are insignifi cant. Most of the sediment enters the intake structure bucket during the fl ood period. At the same time, the construction of the Nizhny Novgorod low-pressure hydroelectric complex does not change the existing trend much. The main conclusion of the work done is that special additional measures to protect the Sormovo intake structure from sediments during the navigation period will not be required.

The purpose of the work was to determine the stress-strain state, to check the bearing capacity of structures (sheet pile walls, anchor rods) and the overall stability of soil prisms of the «structure-enclosing soil mass» system, taking into account its re-profi ling. According to the scope of work, computational study of the sheet pile wall structure of the excavation under the buttress foundation was performed (specifying the adequacy of the solutions adopted in the drawings for the length and spacing of the tie rods and the bottom marks of the sheet pile walls by section, as well as the struts in the west abutment and the need for geotechnical anchors. The computational studies were carried out with the PLAXIS software package. In the fi nite-element model there were realized: conditions of contact interaction of media; nonlinear and plastic properties of materials; geometrical nonlinearity in the form of staggered erection and sequence of loadings application.

In the conditions of increasing scarcity of water resources, the problem of their economy and rational use is of paramount importance. The restructuring of the existing water metering system should be carried out in a comprehensive and step-by-step manner. When accounting for water, the greatest diffi culty is the problem of measuring water flow. The paper summarizes and presents the methods of error estimation that allow us to objectively assess the compliance of flow meters with technical conditions at the stages of manufacture, installation and operation. The effciency of water metering is largely determined by the level of operation of measuring instruments. In this regard, the unifi cation of the process of collecting, processing and presenting information should play an important role. The purpose of the research is to substantiate a mathematical model of the error of flow meters with tapering devices by analogy with the methods regulated in the current regulatory documents.

This work is aimed at researching and studying the severity of flash floods in Wadi Watir using remote sensing and GIS technologies using the morphometric ranking (MR) method. Flash fl oods are natural hazards that are difficult to predict. Predicting flash floods in flood-prone areas can save lives and property. Geographic information systems software and remote sensing have recently become major sources of knowledge for risk assessment. Egypt often experiences flash floods in different areas, such as arid regions. Wadi Watir is one of the important watersheds prone to flash flooding. Flooding of the area endangers the town of Nuweiba and major traffi c arteries. This study uses the morphometric ranking method to assess flash flood risk in Wadi Watir using remote sensing and geographic information systems. Seventeen parameters were used for the morphometric ranking approach. The parameters varied between basin size, shape, surface, and drainage network. The results showed that 19% and 44.2% of the watershed have low and moderate hazard degrees for flash floods, respectively. In addition, 36.8% of the total area of the watershed has the highest degree of danger, so this area must be well protected from the danger of flash floods.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of creating forest plantations in the Sakhalin Region. In the process of performing the work, the authors analyzed the state of forest plantations created on the territory of the Sakhalin Region. In the process of performing the work, the authors analyzed the state of forest plantations created on the territory of the Sakhalin Region. The high growth rates of crops (height, diameter, stock) were studied. The experience of artifi cial restoration in the study region has almost 100 years, and since the 60s of the last century, reforestation work on the island has been completely mechanized. To date, the forest plantations of the Sakhalin region are located on an area of 194.8 thousand hectares, and occupy 3.5% of the lands occupied by the main forest-forming species. The main species used for reforestation are larch Kuril (Larix kurilensis), Ayan spruce (Picea jezoensis) and Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris). Currently, there is a shortage of available forestry fund in the region. As a result of evaluating the effectiveness of creating forest plantations, it is noted that it is most expedient to use Kuril larch for artifi cial reforestation in the Sakhalin Region, since it is more effective for these climatic conditions.

The article is devoted to the construction of a universal model of the rate of change in the area of forest coverings. A variant of the deforestation rate indicator is proposed, in which the area of forest cover at the end of the time interval under consideration is a function of the duration of the specified time interval. It is noted that the introduction of this functional dependence leads to the universality of the introduced assessment of the speed of the process, since it becomes possible to evaluate not only the deforestation process, but also the processes of forest planting. The indicator of the speed of the deforestation process averaged over the considered time interval is analyzed. The problem of variational optimization of the introduced average indicator has been formed and solved, taking into account the newly introduced restrictive condition in relation to the above-mentioned functional dependence. A specific estimate of the new averaged indicator is calculated in the form of a shifted estimate along the time axis in the presence of a rigid connection between the endpoints of the considered averaging time interval.

An important problem in the protection of cultural heritage is the preservation of a provincial Russian noble estate, historical parks, as an element of the political, economic and cultural life of pre-revolutionary Russia. The aim of the study was to assess the current state of plantings in the park part of the noble estate of N.N. Grigoriev in the village of Ivanovo, Kologrivsky municipal district, Kostroma region. The research was carried out in several stages using the following methods: historical and archival expertise, field surveys, graphic-analytical method. The creation of the park took place in two stages during the 19th century, on the first of which a regular park with linden alleys was laid, and on the second, larch-birch plantations were created. Currently, the park part of the estate is represented by linden-larch two-tier stands. The site is dominated by linden undergrowth of medium density, with asparse undergrowth. Fragaria moschata and Aegopodium podagraria noticeably dominate in the herbaceous cover. In the studied park plantings, the differentiation of trees according to morphometric parameters is strongly pronounced. The largest number of linden trees is concentrated in diameter classes with a thickness of 36-40 cm (45.2% of all registered trees). Diameter classes with the largest number of larch trunks are 48-56 cm (37.3% of all considered trees). An assessment of the sanitary condition of plantings and the structure of the tree canopy made it possible to conclude that an active process of decay of park plantings is taking place. To preserve the historical and cultural value of the object, it is necessary to carry out measures for its reconstruction. Modern use of the territory may include the creation and implementation of a tourist route.

The purpose of the study is to preserve the plant-clone of the Fig tree Zacchaeus in the greenhouse of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The current changed ecological situation and a large anthropogenic load have led to the deplorable state of the plant. To preserve it, the current members of the IOPS (Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society) and Russian scientists were tasked with preserving and reproducing Ficussycomorus L. The age of Ficussycomorus was determined – about 2000 years, the plant needs special therapeutic and preventive measures for its further preservation. Agrotechnical measures aimed at activating growth processes in the fig tree were carried out. For preservation, the evergreen biennial fig tree plant Zacchaeus was transferred to the Stavropol Botanical Garden named after V.V. Skripchinsky in 2016. The object was a clone of Ficussycomorus L. Phenological observations were carried out according to the generally accepted method. The plant is kept in the greenhouse of the Stavropol Botanical Garden with an average annual air temperature of plus 24.3°C. The highest average daily air temperatures of more than plus 27 to 30°C are observed from May to August, the lowest – in October, November plus 16 … 21°C. For the period 2016-2022 it increased its size from 30 cm to 82 cm, the number of lateral trunk branches from 3 to 20 pcs. A distinctive feature of the plant is a slowdown in growth in the autumn-winter period, partial fall of leaves and a decrease in their length (about 10% of the leaf mass remains on the tree), but syconia are constantly formed, regardless of the length of daylight hours.